Ancient Greece: Contributions and Government

Ancient Greece

The ancient Greeks lived from 800 BCE to 146 BCE. They were known for their significant contributions to philosophy, architecture, art, democracy, and sport, particularly through the Olympic Games. These achievements laid the foundation for Western civilization.

Athenian Democracy

Athenian democracy was one of the first known democratic governments. It allowed citizens to vote directly on public policy. This system was established in the city of Athens around 507 BCE. Key features included:

• Citizens had equal political rights.
• All free adult males could participate.
• Decisions were made by majority rule.

Despite these civil liberties, there were still restrictions. Women, children, slaves, foreigners, and some freedmen were excluded from participating. Also, some decisions required a supermajority.

Olympic Games

The Olympics began as religious festivals held every four years in Olympia, a rural area near the western coast of the Peloponnese. The first recorded games took place between 776 BCE and 77 BC. Initially, athletes competed in events like running, discus throwing, javelin throwing, boxing, pankration, and equestrian events. Over time, the Olympic Games expanded to include wrestling, athletics, horse racing, chariot racing, and combat sports.

Greek Philosophy

Greek philosophers contributed greatly to human thought, developing ideas on logic, ethics, metaphysics, politics, epistemology, rhetoric, and aesthetics. Some notable figures include Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Pythagoras. Their teachings influenced many aspects of European society.

Architecture and Art

Greek architects and artists created works renowned for their beauty and grandeur. Their buildings featured intricate designs, columned structures, decorative friezes, and elaborate sculptures. Notable examples include the Parthenon and the Acropolis.

Empire vs City States

In ancient Greece, three main forms of government existed: oligarchy, tyranny, and monarchy. However, most Greek city-states were independent, ruled by a council of elders who consulted with other influential members of society. Only Sparta and Macedonia emerged as empires. Sparta was governed by two kings, while Macedonia's ruler was called a king.

Oligarchy

Oligarchies were ruled by a small group of elite citizens usually based on wealth or birth. Examples of city-state oligarchies include Corinth and Chalcidice.

Tyranny

Tyrannies were ruled by a single person who seized power through force. Examples included Pheidon of Argos and Periander of Corinth.

Monarchy

Monarchies were ruled by a hereditary king. Sparta's rulers were ephors elected from among the kings.

These forms of government influenced the balance of power in Greek society, shaping its culture and political landscape.