Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the Evolutionist idea that one of the greatest advancements in human evolution was when man figured out how to farm and domesticate livestock?
What is the Evolutionist idea that one of the greatest advancements in human evolution was when man figured out how to farm and domesticate livestock?
Neolithic Revolution
What is the name for "The land between 2 rivers" where human civilization began?
What is the name for "The land between 2 rivers" where human civilization began?
Mesopotamia
What ancient language, thought to be the first written language in the world, was spoken by the Sumerians?
What ancient language, thought to be the first written language in the world, was spoken by the Sumerians?
Cuneiform
Who was the King of the Chaldeans that created a law code that is similar to the law of Moses?
Who was the King of the Chaldeans that created a law code that is similar to the law of Moses?
What civilization was Jonah sent to who later repented of their evil so God was gracious and extended mercy to them?
What civilization was Jonah sent to who later repented of their evil so God was gracious and extended mercy to them?
Who were the "Purple People" who developed the first alphabet?
Who were the "Purple People" who developed the first alphabet?
Jezebel was from the coastal city of Sidon (or Zidon). What ancient civilization was Sidon part of?
Jezebel was from the coastal city of Sidon (or Zidon). What ancient civilization was Sidon part of?
What Old Testament prophet foretold the destruction of Phoenician cities hundreds of years before it happened? He said that the city would be flattened so that fisherman would dry their nets where the city used to be.
What Old Testament prophet foretold the destruction of Phoenician cities hundreds of years before it happened? He said that the city would be flattened so that fisherman would dry their nets where the city used to be.
What is the Chief End of man?
To _____God and enjoy Him forever.
Westminster Shorter Catechism
What is the Chief End of man? To _____God and enjoy Him forever. Westminster Shorter Catechism
Who was the great king of Babylon who rebuilt the city, was made to act like an animal for his pride and rebellion against God?
Who was the great king of Babylon who rebuilt the city, was made to act like an animal for his pride and rebellion against God?
What is the name of the primate fossil that was found incomplete in Africa that evolutionists say proves that primates evolved into humans?
What is the name of the primate fossil that was found incomplete in Africa that evolutionists say proves that primates evolved into humans?
What discovery helped Egyptologists unlock hieroglyphics?
What discovery helped Egyptologists unlock hieroglyphics?
Who is the Egyptian god of the night, who was said to battle the sun god each night?
Who is the Egyptian god of the night, who was said to battle the sun god each night?
Which Egyptian God is represented by the large serpent?
Which Egyptian God is represented by the large serpent?
Which Egyptian god is shown operating the balance? He is a god of the underworld.
Which Egyptian god is shown operating the balance? He is a god of the underworld.
Who is the Egyptian sun god, whose temples were built throughout Egypt?
Who is the Egyptian sun god, whose temples were built throughout Egypt?
Which Egyptian god is pictured here? He is the main god of the underworld and was partially resurrected.
Which Egyptian god is pictured here? He is the main god of the underworld and was partially resurrected.
Who was the greatest Pharaoh concerning the number of building projects completed during his reign, reigning for over 60 years?
Who was the greatest Pharaoh concerning the number of building projects completed during his reign, reigning for over 60 years?
Which Pharaoh, although his reign was historically insignificant, became well known after his tomb was discovered nearly untouched in 1922?
Which Pharaoh, although his reign was historically insignificant, became well known after his tomb was discovered nearly untouched in 1922?
Who is the goddess of Truth? It is the feather from her headdress that is weighed in the balance with a person's soul.
Who is the goddess of Truth? It is the feather from her headdress that is weighed in the balance with a person's soul.
Which Egyptian god is pictured in the boat?
Which Egyptian god is pictured in the boat?
What is the name of the Egyptian form of paper made from the pulp of reeds?
What is the name of the Egyptian form of paper made from the pulp of reeds?
Where did the Egyptians bury their kings/pharaohs in the Old Kingdom? This is where they discovered tombs with human sacrifices.
Where did the Egyptians bury their kings/pharaohs in the Old Kingdom? This is where they discovered tombs with human sacrifices.
Who is the Egyptian demon depicted here with the head of a crocodile - the devourer of souls?
Who is the Egyptian demon depicted here with the head of a crocodile - the devourer of souls?
What Egyptian god is depicted atop a golden shrine found in the tomb of Tutankhamun?
What Egyptian god is depicted atop a golden shrine found in the tomb of Tutankhamun?
Name one empire that conquered the Egyptians, as a fulfillment of God's word in Ezekiel 29 that He would destroy the Egyptians because the Pharaohs claimed to be god and the creator of the Nile river.
Name one empire that conquered the Egyptians, as a fulfillment of God's word in Ezekiel 29 that He would destroy the Egyptians because the Pharaohs claimed to be god and the creator of the Nile river.
Who were the slaves of the Spartans who did all the farm labor?
Who were the slaves of the Spartans who did all the farm labor?
What is the general term for Greek city-states?
What is the general term for Greek city-states?
What was the open market-place where Greeks discussed the issues of the day?
What was the open market-place where Greeks discussed the issues of the day?
What is the word that often described characters in Greek myths who had too much pride?
What is the word that often described characters in Greek myths who had too much pride?
Which society killed their unhealthy children because they were not fit for the military?
Which society killed their unhealthy children because they were not fit for the military?
The Parthenon was built in the acropolis of which city?
The Parthenon was built in the acropolis of which city?
One of the first major battles in the Persian wars, which occurred in 490 BC, where the Athenians defeated the Persians using the phalanx military formation, is called the Battle of _______?
One of the first major battles in the Persian wars, which occurred in 490 BC, where the Athenians defeated the Persians using the phalanx military formation, is called the Battle of _______?
After the Persian Wars, the Delian League was formed for protection. Eventually, which city-state took control and used the league for its own purposes?
After the Persian Wars, the Delian League was formed for protection. Eventually, which city-state took control and used the league for its own purposes?
During the Peloponnesian War, which city-state was afflicted by a plague that wiped out their leader and thousands of their people?
During the Peloponnesian War, which city-state was afflicted by a plague that wiped out their leader and thousands of their people?
What word means "Greek"?
What word means "Greek"?
What word means "to be like the Greeks" and describes the culture that was spread by the Macedonians?
What word means "to be like the Greeks" and describes the culture that was spread by the Macedonians?
Who created a harsh law code to bring order to society? This code was not effective, and even petty crimes were punishable by death.
Who created a harsh law code to bring order to society? This code was not effective, and even petty crimes were punishable by death.
Who was the great leader of the Athenians in the Golden Age, commissioning the building of the Parthenon? He died of a disease during the Peloponnesian War.
Who was the great leader of the Athenians in the Golden Age, commissioning the building of the Parthenon? He died of a disease during the Peloponnesian War.
Although he wrote little of his philosophy down, we know a great deal about his methods from his students. He asked questions and then analyzed the answers to learn about human nature. He said, "Know Thyself" and died of poisoning. Who was this philosopher?
Although he wrote little of his philosophy down, we know a great deal about his methods from his students. He asked questions and then analyzed the answers to learn about human nature. He said, "Know Thyself" and died of poisoning. Who was this philosopher?
He didn't believe in democracy; he thought philosophers should rule. He was a student of Socrates and wrote the Republic. Which philosopher is this?
He didn't believe in democracy; he thought philosophers should rule. He was a student of Socrates and wrote the Republic. Which philosopher is this?
Who tutored Alexander the Great and inculcated him with Greek culture?
Who tutored Alexander the Great and inculcated him with Greek culture?
Which one of the greatest Greek thinkers explored philosophy, science, etc., and wrote a book on human behavior called Peri Psyches?
Which one of the greatest Greek thinkers explored philosophy, science, etc., and wrote a book on human behavior called Peri Psyches?
Who was the Greek historian who wrote about the Persian Wars? Although his works do have some errors due to his lack of fact-checking, his writings provide valuable insights into the time period.
Who was the Greek historian who wrote about the Persian Wars? Although his works do have some errors due to his lack of fact-checking, his writings provide valuable insights into the time period.
Who was the Greek historian who fought in the Peloponnesian War and was very careful about recording history as accurately as possible?
Who was the Greek historian who fought in the Peloponnesian War and was very careful about recording history as accurately as possible?
Who was the famous Greek inventor who developed defense weapons as well as a device for drawing water? He also studied the property of water displacement and was said to have run through the streets yelling "Eureka".
Who was the famous Greek inventor who developed defense weapons as well as a device for drawing water? He also studied the property of water displacement and was said to have run through the streets yelling "Eureka".
Who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey?
Who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey?
Who was the Macedon king that conquered all of Greece except for Sparta before being assassinated?
Who was the Macedon king that conquered all of Greece except for Sparta before being assassinated?
Who died of illness at the age of 33 after conquering much of the known world?
Who died of illness at the age of 33 after conquering much of the known world?
Who is considered the father of modern medicine and believed that diseases had biological causes (i.e. not caused by the gods)?
Who is considered the father of modern medicine and believed that diseases had biological causes (i.e. not caused by the gods)?
Which Roman poet wrote the Aeneid, about the hero, Aeneas, and the Trojan War?
Which Roman poet wrote the Aeneid, about the hero, Aeneas, and the Trojan War?
Who was the heroic king of the Spartans who died with 300 others trying to protect a mountain pass against the enemy?
Who was the heroic king of the Spartans who died with 300 others trying to protect a mountain pass against the enemy?
Who won the Persian War?
Who won the Persian War?
What year was Jerusalem destroyed?
What year was Jerusalem destroyed?
What year was Julius Caesar assassinated?
What year was Julius Caesar assassinated?
What year did Rome fall?
What year did Rome fall?
What river runs near the city of Rome?
What river runs near the city of Rome?
What river did Julius Caesar build his military camp on and later cross in 49 BC on his way to Rome? He said, "Let the die be cast!"
What river did Julius Caesar build his military camp on and later cross in 49 BC on his way to Rome? He said, "Let the die be cast!"
What year did the Roman REPUBLIC end and the Roman Empire begin?
What year did the Roman REPUBLIC end and the Roman Empire begin?
Who was the first true emperor of Rome? This emperor changed Rome from a republic to an empire. He was also the man who was responsible for Joseph and Mary traveling to Bethlehem.
Who was the first true emperor of Rome? This emperor changed Rome from a republic to an empire. He was also the man who was responsible for Joseph and Mary traveling to Bethlehem.
Who were the wealthy aristocrats of the Roman Republic?
Who were the wealthy aristocrats of the Roman Republic?
Who were the ruthless people that invaded Europe in the 400s? They made it all the way to Rome before turning back. Their leader tried to secure a marriage with a Roman woman who was related to the emperor.
Who were the ruthless people that invaded Europe in the 400s? They made it all the way to Rome before turning back. Their leader tried to secure a marriage with a Roman woman who was related to the emperor.
What was the declaration in 313 AD that said Christians could no longer be persecuted in the Roman Empire?
What was the declaration in 313 AD that said Christians could no longer be persecuted in the Roman Empire?
Who helped plan and execute the assassination of Julius Caesar?
Who helped plan and execute the assassination of Julius Caesar?
Who led his army and his elephants through the Alps into Italy and won numerous victories against the Romans, but was never able to conquer Rome? He lost the Battle of Zama and died in exile.
Who led his army and his elephants through the Alps into Italy and won numerous victories against the Romans, but was never able to conquer Rome? He lost the Battle of Zama and died in exile.
Who was Julius Caesar's most faithful general? This general was part of the second triumvirate. Eventually, he was defeated by Octavian and retreated to Egypt with Cleopatra, where he committed suicide.
Who was Julius Caesar's most faithful general? This general was part of the second triumvirate. Eventually, he was defeated by Octavian and retreated to Egypt with Cleopatra, where he committed suicide.
Who was a slave and gladiator who escaped and led a great rebellion that morphed into the Gladiator War? He was betrayed by his men in battle and never made it back home.
Who was a slave and gladiator who escaped and led a great rebellion that morphed into the Gladiator War? He was betrayed by his men in battle and never made it back home.
Who was the bishop of Milan who forced Roman emperor Theodosius to repent of murder before the bishop allowed him to worship or take communion? This showed the Romans that even the emperor had to submit to God's word.
Who was the bishop of Milan who forced Roman emperor Theodosius to repent of murder before the bishop allowed him to worship or take communion? This showed the Romans that even the emperor had to submit to God's word.
Who was the church leader from North Africa who wrote The City of God, defending Christianity from attacks from heathen Romans who argued that it was the Christians' fault that Rome was falling?
Who was the church leader from North Africa who wrote The City of God, defending Christianity from attacks from heathen Romans who argued that it was the Christians' fault that Rome was falling?
Who did the Romans fight the Punic Wars against?
Who did the Romans fight the Punic Wars against?
What time period from 30 BC to 180 AD was characterized by peace and prosperity for the people of the Roman Empire?
What time period from 30 BC to 180 AD was characterized by peace and prosperity for the people of the Roman Empire?
Who were the poor working class citizens of the Roman Republic who fought the wars and were suppressed and abused by the upper class?
Who were the poor working class citizens of the Roman Republic who fought the wars and were suppressed and abused by the upper class?
Who was the emperor responsible for the deaths of Peter and Paul? This emperor persecuted Christians and used them as scapegoats, and may have been responsible for the great fire in Rome.
Who was the emperor responsible for the deaths of Peter and Paul? This emperor persecuted Christians and used them as scapegoats, and may have been responsible for the great fire in Rome.
Who ruled Rome towards the end of the 3rd century and instituted many reforms? This emperor also persecuted Christians and was the only emperor to abdicate his power before he died.
Who ruled Rome towards the end of the 3rd century and instituted many reforms? This emperor also persecuted Christians and was the only emperor to abdicate his power before he died.
Which Frankish king converted to Christianity in 481 and was the first to help the Pope when he was in need?
Which Frankish king converted to Christianity in 481 and was the first to help the Pope when he was in need?
Who was a military leader who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732?
Who was a military leader who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732?
Who was crowned Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, 800 AD? This emperor encouraged education and religion, becoming a bright spot in the Dark Ages.
Who was crowned Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, 800 AD? This emperor encouraged education and religion, becoming a bright spot in the Dark Ages.
What is the name of the land granted to a knight or lord in the feudal system?
What is the name of the land granted to a knight or lord in the feudal system?
Who receives a tract of land in exchange for an oath of loyalty?
Who receives a tract of land in exchange for an oath of loyalty?
Who was the first crowned Holy Roman Emperor? This emperor also defeated the Magyars.
Who was the first crowned Holy Roman Emperor? This emperor also defeated the Magyars.
Who was Justinian's wife? She was the daughter of a bear trainer and had an abusive childhood, but she later became a great Empress.
Who was Justinian's wife? She was the daughter of a bear trainer and had an abusive childhood, but she later became a great Empress.
Who reorganized all Roman law into one easy-to-manage law code that governed the Byzantine Empire for 900 years?
Who reorganized all Roman law into one easy-to-manage law code that governed the Byzantine Empire for 900 years?
What is the name of the horsemen from the Ural Mountains who raided throughout Europe from 800-955 and eventually settled in present-day Hungary?
What is the name of the horsemen from the Ural Mountains who raided throughout Europe from 800-955 and eventually settled in present-day Hungary?
Who were the people who raided throughout Europe and the Mediterranean world? These people were masters at making ships and navigating the seas and oceans.
Who were the people who raided throughout Europe and the Mediterranean world? These people were masters at making ships and navigating the seas and oceans.
Who was the founder and prophet of the Islam religion? He believed that devotion to Allah could earn salvation.
Who was the founder and prophet of the Islam religion? He believed that devotion to Allah could earn salvation.
What does the word "Islam" mean?
What does the word "Islam" mean?
What is the sacred text of Islam?
What is the sacred text of Islam?
What is the name of the religious pilgrimage to Mecca?
What is the name of the religious pilgrimage to Mecca?
What is the name of the Muslim religious center or place of worship?
What is the name of the Muslim religious center or place of worship?
What is the main significance of the Battle of Tours?
What is the main significance of the Battle of Tours?
What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
What is the name of a poor farmer (peasant) in the feudal system who was tied to his land for his entire life?
What is the name of a poor farmer (peasant) in the feudal system who was tied to his land for his entire life?
Flashcards
Neolithic Revolution
Neolithic Revolution
The idea that one of the greatest advancements in human evolution was when humans figured out how to farm and domesticate livestock.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
Literally, "The land between 2 rivers." Where human civilization began.
Cuneiform
Cuneiform
The ancient language of the Sumerians. Thought to be the first written language in the world.
Hammurabi
Hammurabi
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Nineveh
Nineveh
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Phoenicians
Phoenicians
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Phoenicia
Phoenicia
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Ezekiel
Ezekiel
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Nebuchadnezzar
Nebuchadnezzar
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Lucy
Lucy
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Rosetta Stone
Rosetta Stone
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Apophis
Apophis
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Anubis
Anubis
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Ra
Ra
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Osiris
Osiris
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Ramses the Great
Ramses the Great
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Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun
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Ma'at
Ma'at
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Papyrus
Papyrus
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Ammut
Ammut
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Patricians
Patricians
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Huns
Huns
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Edict of Milan
Edict of Milan
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Cassius
Cassius
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Hannibal
Hannibal
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Marc Antony
Marc Antony
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Spartacus
Spartacus
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Ambrose
Ambrose
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Augustine
Augustine
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Pax Romana
Pax Romana
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Plebeians
Plebeians
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Nero
Nero
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Diocletian
Diocletian
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Clovis
Clovis
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Charles Martel
Charles Martel
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne
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Fief
Fief
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Vassal
Vassal
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Otto I
Otto I
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Theodora
Theodora
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Justinian
Justinian
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Magyars
Magyars
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Vikings
Vikings
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Muhammad
Muhammad
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jihad
jihad
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Hajj
Hajj
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Mosque
Mosque
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Caliph
Caliph
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The Battle of Tours
The Battle of Tours
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Serf
Serf
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Study Notes
Neolithic Revolution
- The Neolithic Revolution marks a significant advancement in human evolution.
- It involved the development of farming and domesticating livestock.
Mesopotamia
- Mesopotamia, meaning "the land between two rivers," is where human civilization began.
- This region was situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Cuneiform
- Cuneiform was the ancient writing system of the Sumerians.
- It's widely considered to be the world's first written language.
Hammurabi
- Hammurabi was the king of the Chaldeans.
- He created a law code, similar to the Law of Moses.
Nineveh
- Nineveh is the ancient civilization to whom the prophet Jonah was sent.
- They repented of their evil, receiving God's mercy.
Phoenicians
- The Phoenicians, often called the "Purple People," developed the first alphabet.
- They were a prominent seafaring civilization.
Phoenicia
- Phoenicia was the civilization to which the coastal city of Sidon (or Zidon) belonged.
Ezekiel
- Ezekiel, an Old Testament prophet, foretold the destruction of Phoenician cities in advance.
- He prophesied the leveling of the city for fishing nets to be dried in the area.
Glorify
- The Chief End of man is to glorify God and enjoy Him forever (Westminster Shorter Catechism).
Nebuchadnezzar
- Nebuchadnezzar, a great king of Babylon, rebuilt the city.
- He was punished for pride and rebellion by being made to act like an animal.
Lucy
- Lucy is a primate fossil discovered in Africa.
- Evolutionists use it as evidence of primate evolution into humans.
Rosetta Stone
- The Rosetta Stone helped Egyptologists decipher hieroglyphics.
Apophis
- Apophis is the Egyptian god of the night.
- He was mythologically depicted as battling the sun god Ra.
Anubis
- Anubis is an Egyptian god of the underworld.
- He's depicted operating the balance.
Ra
- Ra is the Egyptian sun god.
- Numerous temples were built in his honor, and he was seemingly powerless during the plagues.
Osiris
- Osiris is the Egyptian god of the underworld.
- He was a major god who was partially resurrected.
Ramses the Great
- Ramses the Great was a powerful pharaoh known for his extensive building projects.
- He ruled for over 60 years.
Tutankhamun
- Tutankhamun is a pharaoh whose nearly untouched tomb discovery in 1922 made him famous.
Ma'at
- Ma'at is the Egyptian goddess of truth, justice, order, and balance.
- A person's soul was weighed against her feather in the afterlife.
Ra (again)
- Ra, the Egyptian sun god, is often pictured in a boat.
Papyrus
- Papyrus was a form of paper created from the pulp of reeds in ancient Egypt.
Abydos
- Abydos was a significant burial location for kings/pharaohs in the Old Kingdom.
- Tombs with human sacrifices have been found there.
Ammut
- Ammut is a fearsome Egyptian demon with the head of a crocodile.
- She's the devourer of souls.
Anubis (again)
- Anubis is depicted on a golden shrine in Tutankhamun's tomb.
Persia
- Persia conquered Egypt, fulfilling prophecies in the book of Ezekiel about God's judgment on Egypt.
Helots
- Helots were the slaves of the Spartans, responsible for agricultural labor.
Polis
- Polis is the general term for Greek city-states.
Agora
- The agora was the open market and meeting place in Greek city-states where citizens discussed and conducted business.
Hubris
- Hubris refers to excessive pride or arrogance, a common trait of characters in Greek myths.
Sparta
- The society of Sparta killed unhealthy children deemed unfit for military service.
Athens
- Athens is the city where the Parthenon, a famous temple, was built.
Battle of Marathon
- The Battle of Marathon was a significant battle in the Persian Wars in 490 BC, where Athenians defeated the Persians.
Athens (again)
- Athens later controlled the Delian League to advance its own interests.
Plague (Athens)
- Athens suffered a devastating plague during the Peloponnesian War, killing their leader and many citizens.
Hellenic
- Hellenic refers to the culture of the Greeks.
Hellenistic
- Hellenistic describes the Greek culture spread by the Macedonians.
Draco
- Draco created a harsh law code for Athens, with severe punishments.
Pericles
- Pericles was an Athenian leader during the Golden Age.
- He commissioned the construction of the Parthenon and died from a plague during the Peloponnesian War.
Socrates
- Socrates, though he wrote little, influenced philosophy through his questioning and analytical methods.
- "Know thyself" was one of his famous maxims, and he died by poisoning.
Plato
- Plato was a student of Socrates and advocated for philosopher-kings.
- He wrote "The Republic."
Aristotle
- Aristotle, a great Greek thinker, covered various fields and wrote on human behavior.
- He was a tutor of Alexander the Great.
Herodotus
- Herodotus, a Greek historian, wrote about the Persian Wars.
Thucydides
- Thucydides was a Greek historian who fought in the Peloponnesian War and is known for his accurate historical recording.
Archimedes
- Archimedes was a Greek inventor and mathematician.
- He developed military and water-drawing devices, and famously exclaimed "Eureka!"
Homer
- Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, two famous works of Greek literature.
Philip II
- Philip II, the Macedonian king, conquered much of Greece before being assassinated.
Alexander the Great
- Alexander the Great, conquering much of the known world, died at a young age.
Hippocrates
- Hippocrates is considered the "Father of Modern Medicine."
- He believed illnesses had biological roots.
Virgil
- Virgil, a Roman poet, authored the Aeneid.
Leonidas
- Leonidas, a Spartan king, led 300 Spartans in a heroic defensive action at Thermopylae.
Greece (win)
- Greece won the Persian Wars.
Jerusalem Destruction
- Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 AD.
Julius Caesar Assassination
- Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC.
Fall of Rome
- Rome fell in 476 AD.
Tiber River
- The Tiber River flows near Rome.
Rubicon River
- Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BC, famously declaring "Let the die be cast!"
Roman Republic to Empire
- The Roman Republic ended and the Roman Empire began in 31 BC.
Octavian
- Octavian was the first true Roman emperor, changing the Roman government from a republic to an empire. He was instrumental in historical events involving Mary and Joseph.
Patricians
- Patricians were the wealthy aristocrats of the Roman Republic.
Huns
- The Huns, a nomadic people, invaded Europe in the 400s and attempted to forge a connection with Rome.
Edict of Milan
- The Edict of Milan in 313 AD allowed Christians to practice their faith freely in the Roman Empire.
Cassius
- Cassius was part of the group of conspirators who assassinated Julius Caesar.
Hannibal
- Hannibal famously led his armies and war elephants through the Alps to attack Rome, but never captured the city.
Marc Antony
- Marc Antony was a general and part of the Second Triumvirate, defeated by Octavian and later committed suicide with Cleopatra.
Spartacus
- Spartacus was a gladiator who led a large slave rebellion against the Romans that became known as the Gladiator War.
Ambrose
- Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, exerted influence over the emperor Theodosius, forcing religious repentance.
Augustine
- Augustine, a North African Church leader, wrote "The City of God" to defend Christianity during a time of Roman anxieties.
Carthage
- Carthage was the enemy of Rome in the Punic Wars.
Pax Romana
- Pax Romana refers to the period of peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire (30 BC to 180 AD).
Plebeians
- Plebeians were the poor working class citizens of the Roman Republic.
Nero
- Nero was a Roman emperor known for persecution of Christians and potentially starting a major fire in Rome.
Diocletian
- Diocletian was a Roman emperor known for reform efforts, including persecuting Christians.
Clovis
- Clovis was the Frankish king who converted to Christianity.
Charles Martel
- Charles Martel was a military leader who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours.
Charlemagne
- Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor on Christmas Day 800.
Fief
- A fief was a tract of land granted in the feudal system.
Vassal
- A vassal was a person who received a fief in exchange for loyalty.
Otto I
- Otto I defeated the Magyars and was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor.
Theodora (wife)
- Theodora was the influential wife of Emperor Justinian.
Justinian
- Justinian reorganized Roman law.
Magyars
- The Magyars, horsemen from the Ural Mountains, raided Europe from the 800s to 955.
Vikings
- Vikings were skillful seafaring raiders who targeted throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.
Muhammad
- Muhammad was the founder and prophet of Islam, believing devotion to Allah would earn salvation.
Islam's Meaning
- Islam, meaning "submission" (to God), represents achieving peace through adherence to Islamic principles.
Qur'an
- The Qur'an is the sacred text in Islam.
Jihad
- Jihad means "holy war" or "struggle for the faith."
Hajj
- Hajj is the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca.
Mosque
- A mosque is the Muslim place of worship.
Caliph
- A caliph is a Muslim ruler, meaning "successor."
Battle of Tours Significance
- The Battle of Tours' significance is the halting of the Muslim advance into Europe, protecting the growth of Christianity.
Five Pillars of Islam
- Islam's five pillars are: The declaration of faith, prayer five times daily facing Mecca, giving to the poor, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca.
Serf
- A serf was a peasant tied to the land.
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