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Questions and Answers
What was the 'Golden Mirror' from the 18th century?
Where was the first recorded use of a toothbrush and amalgam cavity filling attributed to?
Who is credited with making known the exact composition of amalgam cavity filling?
In which century was amalgam cavity filling likely used in China?
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How were teeth removed in ancient Chinese medicine?
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When did the Mongolian dynasty divide medicine into 13 special areas, including dentistry?
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Who wrote about trained physicians in the Aztec culture?
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What was the name of the medicine book written by Bernardino de Sahagún?
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What was the purpose of using quartz powder in ancient tooth modification?
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What was the significance of Vucub Caquix story in the Popol Vuh?
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Who is considered the most important figure in dental medicine of this time?
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Who performed the teeth filing procedures in Maya culture?
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What was the title of Albucasis's book that included dental therapy?
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What was the purpose of using needle iron ore in Maya dental modifications?
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What was the primary method of treating toothaches in Inca culture?
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What was used to reinforce teeth loosened due to trauma, according to Albucasis?
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Who is considered the 'Father of Medicine' in Greek medicine?
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Who was called the 'prince of physicians'?
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What was the title of Avicenna's work that determined medical thinking for centuries?
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What was the primary role of physicians in Inca culture?
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Who wrote 'Therapeutica', a chapter on diseases of teeth?
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What was the significance of Hippocrates' contribution to Greek medicine?
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Who believed that females and eunuchs had fewer teeth than men?
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Who translated the 'Royal Book', 'The Viaticum', and 'the handbook for travellers'?
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What was the primary purpose of Etruscan dental prosthetics?
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What was the significance of gold wire bindings in Etruscan dental prosthetics?
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What was the significance of the Roman encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus in the context of dental medicine?
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What is the name of the Roman encyclopedist's work that encompasses the total knowledge of his time in medicine?
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What is the name of the Greek physician who wrote about the signs of inflammation?
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What is the name of the encyclopedia written by Pliny the Elder that combines applied science and personal experience?
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What was the status of a dentist in the time of the Roman Emperors?
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What was Pliny the Elder's criticism of the Greek assertion regarding longevity?
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Who is credited with describing the dentist as the 'Architect of the Mouth'?
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What is the title of John Hunter's work published in 1771?
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Who participated in the first known case of post-mortem dental forensics in 1776?
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What is the name of the first dental journal that began publication in 1839?
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Who founded the world's first dental school in 1840?
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What is the name of the national dental organization founded in 1840?
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Who graduated from the Ohio College of Dental Surgery in 1866, becoming the first woman to earn a dental degree?
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What is the title of Dubois de Chémant's work published in 1788?
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Study Notes
Ancient Chinese Medicine
- The "Golden Mirror" is a gigantic encyclopedia from the 18th century that collected ancient knowledge.
- The concept of a tooth worm traveling from tooth to tooth was present in this text.
- The first historical recommendations for using arsenic to treat toothaches were found in the "Golden Mirror".
- The Chinese used amalgam cavity fillings, with the first mention of it in the "Materia Medica" of Su Kung (659 AD).
- Li Shi-Chen (1596) revealed the exact composition of amalgam fillings.
- Amalgam was likely used as a filling material since the 7th century and certainly since the 16th century.
- The Chinese used fingers for tooth extractions.
Japanese Medicine
- Japanese medicine developed from Chinese medicine around 700 AD and took on a unique character.
- The Japanese used sorcery to transfer toothaches to other objects.
- They practiced pulse diagnosis, acupuncture, and moxibustion with slight variations from Chinese practices.
- Teeth were removed with fingers.
Pre-Columbian American Medicine
Aztec
- Bernardino de Sahagún, a prominent chronologist and Franciscan monk, wrote about trained physicians in Aztec culture.
- Prophets played an important role in predicting the course of diseases from calendars.
- Surgeons had good anatomical knowledge.
- Toothaches were treated with primitive medicine that understood how to remove worms (ocuilin) from eyes and teeth.
- There were tooth specialists among them.
- Bernardino de Sahagún wrote a medicine book with vocabulary for individual organs of the mouth, including physiological and pathological remarks.
- Teeth were shown at every age and condition, with filings and dyeing.
- He wrote about tooth worms and the importance of calculus removal.
Maya
- Diego de Landa, the Archbishop of Yucatan, described Maya dental modification techniques.
- They filed teeth like a saw and inserted semi-precious stones (turquoise, jade, and hematite) into teeth.
- The technique was highly developed, using needle iron ore (goethite) in the form of iron pyrite powder to replace lost stones.
Inca
- Learned physicians existed among the Inca, but they were not socially high-ranking.
- They were skilled surgeons, herb collectors, and practitioners of magic medicine.
- Illness was seen as a consequence of sin.
- Therapy involved confession to special priests.
- Caries were burnt, and inflamed gingiva were cauterized.
- The most effective remedy for toothaches was coca leaves (only for the upper class).
Greece
- Hippocrates developed the first scientific medicine in Europe.
- Greek medicine was also a magic-religious priest medicine in ancient times.
- Hippocrates is considered the "Father of Medicine".
- He recognized godliness as the guiding principle.
- Advanced dental prosthetics, including the first dental bridges and artificial teeth, were developed.
Early and Late Middle Ages Europe
- Alexander of Tralles (525-605) wrote "Therapeutica", which contained diseases of teeth and recommended tooth extractions.
- Theophilus (7th century) wrote "De hominis fabrica", an anatomic work that contained the Aristotelian opinion that females (and eunuchs) had fewer teeth than men.
- Paulos of Aigina (middle 700's) wrote "Medical Abstract", an anthology of older physicians.
Development of Dental Science
- Claude Mouton wrote "Essay d'Odontotechnie" (1746), the first specialized work on prosthetics.
- Etienne Bourdet wrote "Investigations and Observations on all parts of Dentistry" (1757), including orthodontics, tooth transplants, and prosthetics.
- John Hunter wrote "The natural history of the Human teeth" (1771), creating a modern anatomy of teeth and jaws.
19th Century
- 1839: The American Journal of Dental Science, the world's first dental journal, begins publication.
- 1840: Horace Hayden and Chapin Harris found the world's first dental school, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, and establish the Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) degree.
- 1840: The American Society of Dental Surgeons, the world's first national dental organization, is founded.
- 1866: Lucy Beaman Hobbs graduates from the Ohio College of Dental Surgery, becoming the first woman to earn a dental degree.
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Description
Explore the history of Chinese medicine and dentistry, from the Golden Mirror encyclopedia to the use of arsenic and toothbrushes in ancient times.
