Anatomy Year 2: Cranial Nerves VII-XII

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the glossopharyngeal nerve in relation to the parotid gland?

  • Sensory information from the larynx
  • Motor control for swallowing
  • Taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
  • Secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland (correct)

Which nucleus is associated with the branchiomotor function of the vagus nerve?

  • Dorsal motor nucleus
  • Nucleus ambiguus (correct)
  • Inferior salivatory nucleus
  • Nucleus solitarius

Which structures are innervated by the vagus nerve's branchiomotor fibers?

  • Tongue muscles
  • Muscles of facial expression
  • Pharynx and larynx muscles (correct)
  • Stylohyoid and digastric muscles

In the case of a vagus nerve injury, which clinical sign might be observed?

<p>Deviation of the uvula towards the weak side (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sensory function is provided by the glossopharyngeal nerve?

<p>Taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the facial nerve (VII)?

<p>Facial expression and taste sensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands is innervated by the parasympathetic components of the facial nerve?

<p>Lacrimal gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the cell bodies of the visceral sensory neurons for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue reside?

<p>Geniculate ganglion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these nerves is a branch of the facial nerve?

<p>Chorda tympani (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers does the greater petrosal nerve carry?

<p>Visceral motor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of a lesion to the facial nerve?

<p>Facial paralysis on the affected side (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure primarily relates to the motor functions of cranial nerve VII?

<p>Superior salivatory nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a primary component of the facial nerve pathway?

<p>Mixed motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the superior salivatory nucleus?

<p>Secretomotor for salivary glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures does the greater petrosal nerve connect with?

<p>Pterygopalatine ganglion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes upper motor neuron (UMN) facial palsy from lower motor neuron (LMN) facial palsy?

<p>UMN spares the forehead, while LMN affects the whole face (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a lesion below the stylomastoid foramen in relation to the facial nerve?

<p>Weakness on the ipsilateral side of the face (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is associated with the cochlear component of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

<p>Connections to the medial geniculate body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Bell's palsy?

<p>Facial muscle spasms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connection is made by the post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating from the facial nerve?

<p>Along trigeminal branches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the cell bodies of the vestibular component of the vestibulocochlear nerve located?

<p>Vestibular ganglion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ganglion is associated with the parotid gland?

<p>Otic ganglion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nerves emerge from the ciliary ganglion?

<p>Short ciliary nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central nucleus associated with the otic ganglion?

<p>Inferior salivatory nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands does the pterygopalatine ganglion primarily innervate?

<p>Lacrimal gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve carries pre-ganglionic fibers to the submandibular ganglion?

<p>Facial nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for bringing post-ganglionic fibers from the submandibular ganglion to the sublingual gland?

<p>Lingual nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which central nucleus is associated with the submandibular ganglion?

<p>Superior salivatory nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The greater petrosal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?

<p>Cranial Nerve VII (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypoglossal nerve (XII)?

<p>Somatic motor to the tongue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (XI)?

<p>Genioglossus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) originate in the nervous system?

<p>Medulla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pterygopalatine ganglion?

<p>Parasympathetic innervation for lacrimation and nasal secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve(s) carry parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion?

<p>CN VII – Facial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a lesion to the hypoglossal nerve?

<p>Tongue deviates to the unhealthy side when stretched (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ganglion is associated with sympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland?

<p>Pterygopalatine ganglion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the cervical sympathetic ganglion in the head and neck?

<p>To facilitate sympathetic supply (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the somatic sensory innervation for the area supplied by the ophthalmic nerve (Va)?

<p>CN V1 – Ophthalmic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ganglia is involved in the parasympathetic pathway to the parotid gland?

<p>Otic ganglion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the trochlear nerve (IV) primarily innervate?

<p>Superior oblique muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve includes fibers that emerge from the jugular foramen?

<p>Both B and C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intrinsic tongue muscle is responsible for altering the shape of the tongue?

<p>Transversal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the ciliary ganglion?

<p>Vision accommodation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nuclei are involved in the secretomotor functions of the facial nerve (VII)?

<p>Superior salivatory nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The facial nerve gives rise to which of the following nerves?

<p>Nerve to stapedius (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the chorda tympani nerve?

<p>Carrying taste fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve functions primarily in taste and the motor control of facial expressions?

<p>Facial nerve (VII) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the cell bodies for the visceral sensory components of the facial nerve located?

<p>Geniculate ganglion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a lesion to the facial nerve (VII) at the stylomastoid foramen?

<p>Facial weakness and loss of facial expressivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is a primary pathway of the facial nerve responsible for providing parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands?

<p>Chorda tympani (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves serves as the conduit for taste sensation from the hard palate?

<p>Greater petrosal nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the inferior salivatory nucleus in relation to the glossopharyngeal nerve?

<p>Parasympathetic secretomotor to the parotid gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the event of a vagus nerve injury, which observation regarding pharyngeal movement would be expected?

<p>Deviation of the uvula to the healthy side (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the sensory pathways associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve?

<p>Conducts visceral sensory from the oropharynx and carotid structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve's branchiomotor fibers?

<p>Stylopharyngeus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nerve fibers carry information from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve?

<p>Parasympathetic fibers to thoracoabdominal viscera (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve?

<p>Reach their destination along trigeminal branches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is affected by a lesion in the internal acoustic meatus in relation to facial nerve function?

<p>Motor nucleus of the facial nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of upper motor neuron (UMN) facial palsy compared to lower motor neuron (LMN) facial palsy?

<p>Sparing of the forehead (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the cell bodies of vestibular neurons reside?

<p>Vestibular ganglion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an accurate consequence of a lesion at the genu of the facial nerve?

<p>Loss of taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers does the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve primarily carry?

<p>Sensory fibers for hearing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the affected functions in Bell's palsy due to a facial nerve lesion?

<p>Loss of taste sensation and tear production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures do the post-ganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion primarily innervate?

<p>Lacrimal, palatine, and nasal glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ganglion is associated with the innervation of the parotid gland?

<p>Otic ganglion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the post-ganglionic fibers originating from the otic ganglion?

<p>They innervate the parotid gland. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve carries pre-ganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion?

<p>Oculomotor nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is innervated by post-ganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion?

<p>Lacrimal gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleus is associated with the submandibular ganglion?

<p>Superior salivatory nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure do the pre-ganglionic fibers from the facial nerve travel through to reach the pterygopalatine ganglion?

<p>Greater petrosal nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve provides post-ganglionic fibers to the submandibular gland?

<p>Lingual nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ciliary ganglion provides innervation to which of the following?

<p>Ciliary muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ganglion associated with the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?

<p>Pterygopalatine ganglion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cranial nerves is primarily responsible for the somatic motor function to the tongue?

<p>Hypoglossal nerve (XII) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is associated with a lesion in the hypoglossal nerve?

<p>Deviation of the tongue towards the affected side (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers does the deep petrosal nerve primarily carry?

<p>Sympathetic fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

<p>Hypoglossal nerve (XII) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the superior cervical ganglion in the head and neck?

<p>Providing sympathetic supply (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure emerges from the jugular foramen?

<p>Accessory nerve (XI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleus is associated with the autonomic function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

<p>Inferior salivatory nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cranial nerves carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion?

<p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (XI)?

<p>Sternocleidomastoid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

<p>Facial nerve (VII) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the pterygoid canal?

<p>It carries the greater petrosal nerve. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the facial nerve in terms of gland innervation is to provide:

<p>Parasympathetic innervation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unique characteristic is associated with the function of the ciliary ganglion?

<p>It involves the oculomotor nerve for parasympathetic functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Facial Nerve (VII)

Cranial nerve VII, responsible for facial expressions, taste, and secretions.

Facial Nerve Components

Facial nerve has motor (muscles), parasympathetic (salivary glands), and sensory (taste, ear) components.

Parasympathetic Component (Facial Nerve)

Controls secretions from glands like lacrimal (tears) and salivary glands.

Facial Nerve Sensory (Taste)

Carries taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and hard palate.

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Cranial Nerves (VII-XII)

The last six cranial nerves (VII through XII) are responsible for various functions, including movement, taste, balance, and autonomic functions.

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Cranial Nerve VII Pathway

From the cerebellopontine angle passing through the facial canal and several branches.

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Facial Nerve (VII) nuclei

The facial nerve (VII) has various nuclei involved in its function including; motor, parasympathetic (facial nucleus, salivatory nucleus),and sensory (nucleus for taste).

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Cranial Nerves I & II

The first two cranial nerves (olfactory and optic) are not part of the peripheral nervous system but are counted as part of the cranial nerves.

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Facial Nerve Parasympathetic Action

The facial nerve controls salivation and lacrimation (tearing).

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Superior Salivatory Nucleus

A brainstem nucleus controlling salivation.

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Facial Palsy (Infra-nuclear)

Facial weakness on the same side as the lesion, taste loss may occur. Tear production and hearing can be affected.

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Vestibulocochlear Nerve

The cranial nerve (VIII) responsible for balance and hearing.

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Vestibular Function

Part of cranial nerve VIII responsible for maintaining body balance.

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Cochlear Function

Part of cranial nerve VIII responsible for hearing.

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Vestibular Ganglion

Ganglion containing cell bodies (neurons) for balance related parts of the vestibular nerve.

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Cochlear Ganglion

Ganglion containing cell bodies (neurons) for hearing.

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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

Cranial nerve IX involved in sensory and motor functions in the head and neck, including taste, swallowing, and salivary gland control.

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Vagus Nerve (X)

Cranial nerve X, critical for parasympathetic control of thoracic and abdominal viscera, sensory functions involving throat/mouth, and in swallowing/voice production.

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Glossopharyngeal (IX) Branchiomotor

Motor function of the glossopharyngeal nerve connected to the third arch, controlling specific muscles in swallowing and the throat.

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Vagus (X) Parasympathetic

The vagus nerve's role in controlling various organs within the chest and abdomen, impacting their function for digestion and other processes.

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Vagus injury effects

A vagal injury causes the affected side of the throat to deviate to a healthy side.

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Parasympathetic Ganglia

Collections of nerve cells that relay signals from the brain to target organs, specifically focusing on involuntary actions like digestion and gland secretion.

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Ciliary Ganglion

A parasympathetic ganglion in the eye responsible for controlling the ciliary muscle (focus) and the sphincter pupillae muscle (pupil constriction).

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Otic Ganglion

A parasympathetic ganglion that controls the parotid gland, responsible for producing saliva.

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Pterygopalatine Ganglion

A parasympathetic ganglion that controls lacrimal (tears) and nasal/palatine glands (nasal secretions).

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Submandibular Ganglion

A parasympathetic ganglion that controls submandibular and sublingual glands, responsible for saliva production.

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Pre-ganglionic Fibers

Nerve fibers that originate in the brain stem and travel to a parasympathetic ganglion.

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Post-ganglionic Fibers

Nerve fibers that originate in a parasympathetic ganglion and travel to the target organ.

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Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

A nucleus in the midbrain that supplies the pre-ganglionic fibers for the ciliary ganglion.

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Accessory Nerve (XI)

Cranial nerve responsible for controlling the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, essential for head movement and shoulder elevation.

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Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

Cranial nerve responsible for controlling tongue movements, allowing for speech and swallowing.

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Hypoglossal Lesion

Damage to the hypoglossal nerve results in tongue deviation towards the side of the lesion when protruded.

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Cervical Sympathetic

Part of the sympathetic nervous system, responsible for regulating certain functions in the head and neck, including sweating and blood vessel diameter.

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Sympathetic Supply in Head and Neck

The sympathetic nervous system supplies various structures in the head and neck, including the eye muscles, salivary glands, and sweat glands, regulating functions like pupil dilation and lacrimation.

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Parasympathetic in Head and Neck

The parasympathetic nervous system, part of the autonomic nervous system, controls various functions in the head and neck, including salivation and tear production.

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Oculomotor Nerve (III)

Cranial nerve responsible for controlling eye movements, pupil constriction, and lens accommodation.

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Greater Petrosal Nerve

Part of the facial nerve responsible for carrying parasympathetic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion, influencing tear production and nasal secretions.

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Lesser Petrosal Nerve

Part of the glossopharyngeal nerve responsible for carrying parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion, influencing parotid salivary gland secretions.

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Facial Nerve (VII) – Branchiomotor

The motor component of the facial nerve controls facial expressions, stylohyoid, the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, and the stapedius muscle.

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Facial Nerve (VII) – Parasympathetic

The parasympathetic component of the facial nerve controls secretions from the lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and minor salivary glands.

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Facial Nerve (VII) - Sensory

The sensory component of the facial nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and hard palate.

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Facial Nerve (VII) - Intracranial branches

The facial nerve has several intracranial branches: Greater petrosal nerve, Nerve to stapedius, and Chorda tympani.

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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) - Branchiomotor

The motor component of the glossopharyngeal nerve controls the stylopharyngeus muscle, which is involved in swallowing and throat functions.

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Vagus Nerve (X) - Parasympathetic

The parasympathetic component of the vagus nerve controls the heart, lungs, digestive system, and other organs in the chest and abdomen.

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Accessory Nerve (XI) – Function

The accessory nerve controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, which are involved in head movement and shoulder elevation.

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Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) – Function

The hypoglossal nerve controls the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, allowing for speech and swallowing.

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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) - Parasympathetic

This part of the nerve controls salivary secretions from the parotid gland, contributing to your saliva production.

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Vagus Nerve (X) - Branchiomotor

The vagus nerve controls muscles involved in swallowing and speech, including the palate and pharynx.

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Facial Nerve - Parasympathetic

The facial nerve (VII) carries parasympathetic fibers that control lacrimation (tear production) and salivation (saliva production).

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Chorda Tympani

A branch of the facial nerve that carries parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion, controlling the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

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Facial Palsy - UMN vs LMN

Facial palsy, weakness of facial muscles, has two types: Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) and Lower Motor Neuron (LMN). UMN - forehead muscles are spared. LMN - forehead muscles are affected.

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Bell's Palsy

A type of facial nerve palsy due to inflammation or compression of the facial nerve in the temporal bone.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System (in Head and Neck)

The parasympathetic nervous system controls various functions in the head and neck, including salivation, tear production, and pupil constriction. It is part of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions.

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Sympathetic in Head and Neck

The sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system regulating functions like pupil dilation, sweating, and controlling blood vessel diameter in the head and neck.

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Study Notes

Cranial Nerves VII-XII

  • Cranial nerves VII-XII are discussed in a year 2, semester 1 anatomy class.
  • The lecturer is Dr. Vijayalakshmi S B, from the Department of Anatomy.
  • The date of the lecture was November 30, 2023.

Learning Outcomes

  • Describe cranial nerves VII-XII, their nuclei, components, and courses.
  • Describe foramina, relations, and functions of cranial nerves VII-XII.
  • Discuss the effects of lesions to cranial nerves VII-XII.
  • Outline testing of cranial nerves VII-XII.
  • Describe the layout of the cervical sympathetic trunk and its cranial branches.
  • Define nuclei and pathways of cranial parasympathetics.
  • Describe cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X.
  • Discuss lesions of the autonomic system in the head and neck.

Cranial Nerves (Detailed)

  • The first two cranial nerves (olfactory and optic) are not part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), but are counted as cranial nerves. They originate from the forebrain.
  • Olfactory (CN I): Sensory; smell
  • Optic (CN II): Sensory; vision
  • Oculomotor (CN III): Motor; controls most eye muscles, ciliary muscles, sphincter pupillae.
  • Trochlear (CN IV): Motor; superior oblique eye muscle.
  • Abducent (CN VI): Motor; lateral rectus eye muscle.
  • Trigeminal (CN V): Sensory (face, oral, nasal, sinus mucosa, teeth, anterior 2/3 of tongue) and Motor (muscles of mastication + 4 more)
  • Facial (CN VII): Motor (facial expression + 3 muscles); Intermediate nerve (submandibular, sublingual, lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands; taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, soft palate)
  • Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII): Sensory; equilibrium and hearing. Vestibular nerve (equilibrium, motion) and Cochlear nerve (hearing)
  • Glossopharyngeal (CN IX): Motor (stylopharyngeus, parotid gland); Sensory (taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue & general sensation from pharynx, tonsillar sinus, pharyngotympanic tube, middle ear cavity)
  • Vagus (CN X): Motor (palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, heart, GI tract); Sensory (pharynx, larynx; reflex sensory from tracheobronchial tree, lungs, heart, GI tract to left colic flexure)
  • Spinal accessory (CN XI): Motor; sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
  • Hypoglossal (CN XII): Motor; all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus).

Facial Nerve (VII)

  • Branchiomotor (2nd arch): Facial expression, stylohyoid, post belly of digastric, stapedius
  • Parasympathetic (secretomotor): Lacrimal gland, submandibular/sublingual glands (Superior salivatory nucleus)
  • Somatic sensory: Ear
  • Visceral sensory: Taste (hard palate & anterior tongue) (Nucleus tractus solitarius)

Facial Canal

  • Enters internal acoustic meatus
  • At geniculate ganglion, it branches to the greater petrosal nerve
  • Turns posteriorly in medial wall of the middle ear cavity
  • Turns inferiorly and laterally
  • Gives off nerve to stapedius and chorda tympani
  • Chorda tympani exits via petrotympanic fissure
  • Facial nerve exits via stylomastoid foramen

Facial Expression & Neck Muscles

  • Various muscles of facial expression and neck are innervated by CN VII  

Facial Nerve and Parotid Gland

  • Terminal branches described (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical)
  • Innervation of parotid gland details.

Facial Nerve - Intracranial Branches

  • Greater petrosal nerve
  • Nerve to stapedius
  • Chorda tympani

Facial Nerve - Visceral Sensory (Taste)

  • From anterior 2/3 of the tongue via lingual nerve -> chorda tympani  - From hard palate via greater petrosal nerve
  • Cell bodies in geniculate ganglion -> internal acoustic meatus -> to brain at cerebellopontine angle -> to tractus solitarius

Facial Nerve – Parasympathetic Action

  • Superior salivatory nucleus (lower pons) -> secretomotor fibres -> facial canal
  • Greater petrosal nerve -> Pterygopalatine ganglion -> Lacrimal, palatine, & nasal glands
  • Chorda tympani -> Joins lingual nerve -> Submandibular ganglion -> Sublingual & submandibular glands
  • Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers along trigeminal branches reach their destination

Facial Nerve - Cortical Control

  • Motor nucleus in brainstem
  • Cortex (Bilateral cortical control)

Facial Palsy

  • UMN – forehead sparing
  • LMN – no forehead sparing
  • Infra-nuclear (Bell's Palsy):
    • Lesion in the internal acoustic meatus: weakness on ipsilateral side of face, loss of taste, decreased tear production, hyperacusis
    • Lesion at the genu (geniculate ganglion): Same as acoustic meatus
    • Lesion distal to genu (between genu and stylomastoid foramen): Same as acoustic meatus but with normal lacrimation.
    • Lesion below stylomastoid foramen: weakness on ipsilateral side of face (whole face),normal taste and lacrimation.

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

  • Vestibular: balance. Cell bodies in vestibular ganglion. Vestibular nuclei. Floor of 4th ventricle. Connections: Vestibulospinal tracts, MLF, thalamus (VPN), cerebellum—direct connections to cerebellum also
  • Cochlear: hearing. Cell bodies in cochlear ganglion. Cochlear nuclei. Floor of 4th ventricle. Connections to medial geniculate body & inferior colliculi etc.

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

  • Branchiomotor to 3rd arch: Stylopharyngeus & pharynx
  • Parasympathetic (secretomotor): Inferior salivatory nucleus—lesser petrosal nerve—Otic ganglion—parotid gland
  • Somatic sensory: Ear—tympanic membrane—superior ganglion—trigeminal sensory nuclei
  • Visceral sensory: Oropharynx, posterior third of tongue, carotid body & carotid sinus—inferior ganglion—nucleus solitarius

Vagus (X)

  • Branchiomotor to 4th & 6th arches: Nucleus ambiguus; special visceral motor in the neck; swallowing, phonation, palatoglossus

  • Parasympathetic: General visceral motor—thoracoabdominal—dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

  • Somatic sensory: Larynx—internal laryngeal nerve—superior ganglion—trigeminal sensory nuclei

  • Visceral sensory: Taste at valleculae; various viscera (heart, abdominal)—inferior ganglion—nucleus solitarius

Accessory (XI)

  • Motor: Cranial accessory from N. ambiguus
  • Spinal accessory from C1-C4/5
  • Ascends through foramen magnum
  • Emerges from jugular foramen—cranial fibers to vagus nerve: swallowing & phonation
  • Spinal fibers: SCM + Trapezius

Hypoglossal (XII)

  • Somatic motor to tongue
  • Extrinsic: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus
  • Intrinsic: transversal, longitudinal, vertical

ANS in Head and Neck

  • Lacrimal, nasal, palatine, submandibular, & parotid glands innervation
  • Somatic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic pathways

Cervical Sympathetic

  • Superior cervical ganglion, gray rami, middle cervical ganglion & inferior cervical ganglion, internal & external carotid plexuses & cardiac nerves

Oculomotor Nerve (III)

  • Describes the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and its connection to the eye muscles

Summary

  • The learning outcomes and detail about cranial nerves VII-XII including their functions, sensory and motor properties, and various associated ganglia and structures.
  • Practical applications of knowledge in the form of potential lesions and tests.

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