Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the glossopharyngeal nerve in relation to the parotid gland?
What is the primary function of the glossopharyngeal nerve in relation to the parotid gland?
- Sensory information from the larynx
- Motor control for swallowing
- Taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
- Secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland (correct)
Which nucleus is associated with the branchiomotor function of the vagus nerve?
Which nucleus is associated with the branchiomotor function of the vagus nerve?
- Dorsal motor nucleus
- Nucleus ambiguus (correct)
- Inferior salivatory nucleus
- Nucleus solitarius
Which structures are innervated by the vagus nerve's branchiomotor fibers?
Which structures are innervated by the vagus nerve's branchiomotor fibers?
- Tongue muscles
- Muscles of facial expression
- Pharynx and larynx muscles (correct)
- Stylohyoid and digastric muscles
In the case of a vagus nerve injury, which clinical sign might be observed?
In the case of a vagus nerve injury, which clinical sign might be observed?
What sensory function is provided by the glossopharyngeal nerve?
What sensory function is provided by the glossopharyngeal nerve?
What is the primary function of the facial nerve (VII)?
What is the primary function of the facial nerve (VII)?
Which of the following glands is innervated by the parasympathetic components of the facial nerve?
Which of the following glands is innervated by the parasympathetic components of the facial nerve?
Where do the cell bodies of the visceral sensory neurons for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue reside?
Where do the cell bodies of the visceral sensory neurons for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue reside?
Which of these nerves is a branch of the facial nerve?
Which of these nerves is a branch of the facial nerve?
What type of fibers does the greater petrosal nerve carry?
What type of fibers does the greater petrosal nerve carry?
What is one effect of a lesion to the facial nerve?
What is one effect of a lesion to the facial nerve?
Which structure primarily relates to the motor functions of cranial nerve VII?
Which structure primarily relates to the motor functions of cranial nerve VII?
Which of the following describes a primary component of the facial nerve pathway?
Which of the following describes a primary component of the facial nerve pathway?
What is the primary function of the superior salivatory nucleus?
What is the primary function of the superior salivatory nucleus?
Which of the following structures does the greater petrosal nerve connect with?
Which of the following structures does the greater petrosal nerve connect with?
What distinguishes upper motor neuron (UMN) facial palsy from lower motor neuron (LMN) facial palsy?
What distinguishes upper motor neuron (UMN) facial palsy from lower motor neuron (LMN) facial palsy?
What is the consequence of a lesion below the stylomastoid foramen in relation to the facial nerve?
What is the consequence of a lesion below the stylomastoid foramen in relation to the facial nerve?
Which pathway is associated with the cochlear component of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Which pathway is associated with the cochlear component of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Bell's palsy?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Bell's palsy?
What type of connection is made by the post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating from the facial nerve?
What type of connection is made by the post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating from the facial nerve?
Where are the cell bodies of the vestibular component of the vestibulocochlear nerve located?
Where are the cell bodies of the vestibular component of the vestibulocochlear nerve located?
Which ganglion is associated with the parotid gland?
Which ganglion is associated with the parotid gland?
What type of nerves emerge from the ciliary ganglion?
What type of nerves emerge from the ciliary ganglion?
What is the central nucleus associated with the otic ganglion?
What is the central nucleus associated with the otic ganglion?
Which of the following glands does the pterygopalatine ganglion primarily innervate?
Which of the following glands does the pterygopalatine ganglion primarily innervate?
Which nerve carries pre-ganglionic fibers to the submandibular ganglion?
Which nerve carries pre-ganglionic fibers to the submandibular ganglion?
Which nerve is responsible for bringing post-ganglionic fibers from the submandibular ganglion to the sublingual gland?
Which nerve is responsible for bringing post-ganglionic fibers from the submandibular ganglion to the sublingual gland?
Which central nucleus is associated with the submandibular ganglion?
Which central nucleus is associated with the submandibular ganglion?
The greater petrosal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?
The greater petrosal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?
What is the primary function of the hypoglossal nerve (XII)?
What is the primary function of the hypoglossal nerve (XII)?
Which muscle is NOT innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (XI)?
Which muscle is NOT innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (XI)?
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) originate in the nervous system?
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) originate in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of the pterygopalatine ganglion?
What is the primary function of the pterygopalatine ganglion?
Which cranial nerve(s) carry parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion?
Which cranial nerve(s) carry parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion?
What is the consequence of a lesion to the hypoglossal nerve?
What is the consequence of a lesion to the hypoglossal nerve?
Which ganglion is associated with sympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland?
Which ganglion is associated with sympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland?
What is the main role of the cervical sympathetic ganglion in the head and neck?
What is the main role of the cervical sympathetic ganglion in the head and neck?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the somatic sensory innervation for the area supplied by the ophthalmic nerve (Va)?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the somatic sensory innervation for the area supplied by the ophthalmic nerve (Va)?
Which of the following ganglia is involved in the parasympathetic pathway to the parotid gland?
Which of the following ganglia is involved in the parasympathetic pathway to the parotid gland?
What structure does the trochlear nerve (IV) primarily innervate?
What structure does the trochlear nerve (IV) primarily innervate?
Which cranial nerve includes fibers that emerge from the jugular foramen?
Which cranial nerve includes fibers that emerge from the jugular foramen?
Which intrinsic tongue muscle is responsible for altering the shape of the tongue?
Which intrinsic tongue muscle is responsible for altering the shape of the tongue?
What is the primary role of the ciliary ganglion?
What is the primary role of the ciliary ganglion?
Which nuclei are involved in the secretomotor functions of the facial nerve (VII)?
Which nuclei are involved in the secretomotor functions of the facial nerve (VII)?
The facial nerve gives rise to which of the following nerves?
The facial nerve gives rise to which of the following nerves?
What is the primary function of the chorda tympani nerve?
What is the primary function of the chorda tympani nerve?
Which cranial nerve functions primarily in taste and the motor control of facial expressions?
Which cranial nerve functions primarily in taste and the motor control of facial expressions?
Where are the cell bodies for the visceral sensory components of the facial nerve located?
Where are the cell bodies for the visceral sensory components of the facial nerve located?
What is the consequence of a lesion to the facial nerve (VII) at the stylomastoid foramen?
What is the consequence of a lesion to the facial nerve (VII) at the stylomastoid foramen?
Which structure is a primary pathway of the facial nerve responsible for providing parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands?
Which structure is a primary pathway of the facial nerve responsible for providing parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands?
Which of the following nerves serves as the conduit for taste sensation from the hard palate?
Which of the following nerves serves as the conduit for taste sensation from the hard palate?
What is the function of the inferior salivatory nucleus in relation to the glossopharyngeal nerve?
What is the function of the inferior salivatory nucleus in relation to the glossopharyngeal nerve?
In the event of a vagus nerve injury, which observation regarding pharyngeal movement would be expected?
In the event of a vagus nerve injury, which observation regarding pharyngeal movement would be expected?
Which of the following accurately describes the sensory pathways associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Which of the following accurately describes the sensory pathways associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Which muscle is primarily innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve's branchiomotor fibers?
Which muscle is primarily innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve's branchiomotor fibers?
What type of nerve fibers carry information from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve?
What type of nerve fibers carry information from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve?
What is the role of post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve?
What is the role of post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve?
Which structure is affected by a lesion in the internal acoustic meatus in relation to facial nerve function?
Which structure is affected by a lesion in the internal acoustic meatus in relation to facial nerve function?
What is the distinguishing feature of upper motor neuron (UMN) facial palsy compared to lower motor neuron (LMN) facial palsy?
What is the distinguishing feature of upper motor neuron (UMN) facial palsy compared to lower motor neuron (LMN) facial palsy?
Where do the cell bodies of vestibular neurons reside?
Where do the cell bodies of vestibular neurons reside?
Which of the following is an accurate consequence of a lesion at the genu of the facial nerve?
Which of the following is an accurate consequence of a lesion at the genu of the facial nerve?
What type of fibers does the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve primarily carry?
What type of fibers does the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve primarily carry?
What are the affected functions in Bell's palsy due to a facial nerve lesion?
What are the affected functions in Bell's palsy due to a facial nerve lesion?
Which structures do the post-ganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion primarily innervate?
Which structures do the post-ganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion primarily innervate?
Which ganglion is associated with the innervation of the parotid gland?
Which ganglion is associated with the innervation of the parotid gland?
What is the function of the post-ganglionic fibers originating from the otic ganglion?
What is the function of the post-ganglionic fibers originating from the otic ganglion?
Which cranial nerve carries pre-ganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion?
Which cranial nerve carries pre-ganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion?
Which of the following structures is innervated by post-ganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion?
Which of the following structures is innervated by post-ganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion?
Which nucleus is associated with the submandibular ganglion?
Which nucleus is associated with the submandibular ganglion?
What structure do the pre-ganglionic fibers from the facial nerve travel through to reach the pterygopalatine ganglion?
What structure do the pre-ganglionic fibers from the facial nerve travel through to reach the pterygopalatine ganglion?
Which cranial nerve provides post-ganglionic fibers to the submandibular gland?
Which cranial nerve provides post-ganglionic fibers to the submandibular gland?
The ciliary ganglion provides innervation to which of the following?
The ciliary ganglion provides innervation to which of the following?
What is the name of the ganglion associated with the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?
What is the name of the ganglion associated with the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?
Which of the following cranial nerves is primarily responsible for the somatic motor function to the tongue?
Which of the following cranial nerves is primarily responsible for the somatic motor function to the tongue?
Which clinical sign is associated with a lesion in the hypoglossal nerve?
Which clinical sign is associated with a lesion in the hypoglossal nerve?
What type of fibers does the deep petrosal nerve primarily carry?
What type of fibers does the deep petrosal nerve primarily carry?
Which cranial nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
What is the main role of the superior cervical ganglion in the head and neck?
What is the main role of the superior cervical ganglion in the head and neck?
Which structure emerges from the jugular foramen?
Which structure emerges from the jugular foramen?
Which nucleus is associated with the autonomic function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Which nucleus is associated with the autonomic function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Which of the following cranial nerves carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion?
Which of the following cranial nerves carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion?
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (XI)?
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (XI)?
Which nerve is responsible for taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which nerve is responsible for taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the pterygoid canal?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the pterygoid canal?
The primary function of the facial nerve in terms of gland innervation is to provide:
The primary function of the facial nerve in terms of gland innervation is to provide:
Which unique characteristic is associated with the function of the ciliary ganglion?
Which unique characteristic is associated with the function of the ciliary ganglion?
Flashcards
Facial Nerve (VII)
Facial Nerve (VII)
Cranial nerve VII, responsible for facial expressions, taste, and secretions.
Facial Nerve Components
Facial Nerve Components
Facial nerve has motor (muscles), parasympathetic (salivary glands), and sensory (taste, ear) components.
Parasympathetic Component (Facial Nerve)
Parasympathetic Component (Facial Nerve)
Controls secretions from glands like lacrimal (tears) and salivary glands.
Facial Nerve Sensory (Taste)
Facial Nerve Sensory (Taste)
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Cranial Nerves (VII-XII)
Cranial Nerves (VII-XII)
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Cranial Nerve VII Pathway
Cranial Nerve VII Pathway
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Facial Nerve (VII) nuclei
Facial Nerve (VII) nuclei
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Cranial Nerves I & II
Cranial Nerves I & II
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Facial Nerve Parasympathetic Action
Facial Nerve Parasympathetic Action
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Superior Salivatory Nucleus
Superior Salivatory Nucleus
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Facial Palsy (Infra-nuclear)
Facial Palsy (Infra-nuclear)
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
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Vestibular Function
Vestibular Function
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Cochlear Function
Cochlear Function
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Vestibular Ganglion
Vestibular Ganglion
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Cochlear Ganglion
Cochlear Ganglion
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
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Vagus Nerve (X)
Vagus Nerve (X)
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Glossopharyngeal (IX) Branchiomotor
Glossopharyngeal (IX) Branchiomotor
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Vagus (X) Parasympathetic
Vagus (X) Parasympathetic
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Vagus injury effects
Vagus injury effects
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Parasympathetic Ganglia
Parasympathetic Ganglia
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Ciliary Ganglion
Ciliary Ganglion
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Otic Ganglion
Otic Ganglion
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Pterygopalatine Ganglion
Pterygopalatine Ganglion
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Submandibular Ganglion
Submandibular Ganglion
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Pre-ganglionic Fibers
Pre-ganglionic Fibers
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Post-ganglionic Fibers
Post-ganglionic Fibers
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Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
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Accessory Nerve (XI)
Accessory Nerve (XI)
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Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
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Hypoglossal Lesion
Hypoglossal Lesion
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Cervical Sympathetic
Cervical Sympathetic
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Sympathetic Supply in Head and Neck
Sympathetic Supply in Head and Neck
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Parasympathetic in Head and Neck
Parasympathetic in Head and Neck
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Oculomotor Nerve (III)
Oculomotor Nerve (III)
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Greater Petrosal Nerve
Greater Petrosal Nerve
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Lesser Petrosal Nerve
Lesser Petrosal Nerve
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Facial Nerve (VII) – Branchiomotor
Facial Nerve (VII) – Branchiomotor
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Facial Nerve (VII) – Parasympathetic
Facial Nerve (VII) – Parasympathetic
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Facial Nerve (VII) - Sensory
Facial Nerve (VII) - Sensory
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Facial Nerve (VII) - Intracranial branches
Facial Nerve (VII) - Intracranial branches
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) - Branchiomotor
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) - Branchiomotor
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Vagus Nerve (X) - Parasympathetic
Vagus Nerve (X) - Parasympathetic
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Accessory Nerve (XI) – Function
Accessory Nerve (XI) – Function
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Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) – Function
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) – Function
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) - Parasympathetic
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) - Parasympathetic
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Vagus Nerve (X) - Branchiomotor
Vagus Nerve (X) - Branchiomotor
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Facial Nerve - Parasympathetic
Facial Nerve - Parasympathetic
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Chorda Tympani
Chorda Tympani
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Facial Palsy - UMN vs LMN
Facial Palsy - UMN vs LMN
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Bell's Palsy
Bell's Palsy
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Parasympathetic Nervous System (in Head and Neck)
Parasympathetic Nervous System (in Head and Neck)
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Sympathetic in Head and Neck
Sympathetic in Head and Neck
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Study Notes
Cranial Nerves VII-XII
- Cranial nerves VII-XII are discussed in a year 2, semester 1 anatomy class.
- The lecturer is Dr. Vijayalakshmi S B, from the Department of Anatomy.
- The date of the lecture was November 30, 2023.
Learning Outcomes
- Describe cranial nerves VII-XII, their nuclei, components, and courses.
- Describe foramina, relations, and functions of cranial nerves VII-XII.
- Discuss the effects of lesions to cranial nerves VII-XII.
- Outline testing of cranial nerves VII-XII.
- Describe the layout of the cervical sympathetic trunk and its cranial branches.
- Define nuclei and pathways of cranial parasympathetics.
- Describe cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X.
- Discuss lesions of the autonomic system in the head and neck.
Cranial Nerves (Detailed)
- The first two cranial nerves (olfactory and optic) are not part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), but are counted as cranial nerves. They originate from the forebrain.
- Olfactory (CN I): Sensory; smell
- Optic (CN II): Sensory; vision
- Oculomotor (CN III): Motor; controls most eye muscles, ciliary muscles, sphincter pupillae.
- Trochlear (CN IV): Motor; superior oblique eye muscle.
- Abducent (CN VI): Motor; lateral rectus eye muscle.
- Trigeminal (CN V): Sensory (face, oral, nasal, sinus mucosa, teeth, anterior 2/3 of tongue) and Motor (muscles of mastication + 4 more)
- Facial (CN VII): Motor (facial expression + 3 muscles); Intermediate nerve (submandibular, sublingual, lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands; taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, soft palate)
- Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII): Sensory; equilibrium and hearing. Vestibular nerve (equilibrium, motion) and Cochlear nerve (hearing)
- Glossopharyngeal (CN IX): Motor (stylopharyngeus, parotid gland); Sensory (taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue & general sensation from pharynx, tonsillar sinus, pharyngotympanic tube, middle ear cavity)
- Vagus (CN X): Motor (palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, heart, GI tract); Sensory (pharynx, larynx; reflex sensory from tracheobronchial tree, lungs, heart, GI tract to left colic flexure)
- Spinal accessory (CN XI): Motor; sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
- Hypoglossal (CN XII): Motor; all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus).
Facial Nerve (VII)
- Branchiomotor (2nd arch): Facial expression, stylohyoid, post belly of digastric, stapedius
- Parasympathetic (secretomotor): Lacrimal gland, submandibular/sublingual glands (Superior salivatory nucleus)
- Somatic sensory: Ear
- Visceral sensory: Taste (hard palate & anterior tongue) (Nucleus tractus solitarius)
Facial Canal
- Enters internal acoustic meatus
- At geniculate ganglion, it branches to the greater petrosal nerve
- Turns posteriorly in medial wall of the middle ear cavity
- Turns inferiorly and laterally
- Gives off nerve to stapedius and chorda tympani
- Chorda tympani exits via petrotympanic fissure
- Facial nerve exits via stylomastoid foramen
Facial Expression & Neck Muscles
- Various muscles of facial expression and neck are innervated by CN VII Â
Facial Nerve and Parotid Gland
- Terminal branches described (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical)
- Innervation of parotid gland details.
Facial Nerve - Intracranial Branches
- Greater petrosal nerve
- Nerve to stapedius
- Chorda tympani
Facial Nerve - Visceral Sensory (Taste)
- From anterior 2/3 of the tongue via lingual nerve -> chorda tympani  - From hard palate via greater petrosal nerve
- Cell bodies in geniculate ganglion -> internal acoustic meatus -> to brain at cerebellopontine angle -> to tractus solitarius
Facial Nerve – Parasympathetic Action
- Superior salivatory nucleus (lower pons) -> secretomotor fibres -> facial canal
- Greater petrosal nerve -> Pterygopalatine ganglion -> Lacrimal, palatine, & nasal glands
- Chorda tympani -> Joins lingual nerve -> Submandibular ganglion -> Sublingual & submandibular glands
- Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers along trigeminal branches reach their destination
Facial Nerve - Cortical Control
- Motor nucleus in brainstem
- Cortex (Bilateral cortical control)
Facial Palsy
- UMN – forehead sparing
- LMN – no forehead sparing
- Infra-nuclear (Bell's Palsy):
- Lesion in the internal acoustic meatus: weakness on ipsilateral side of face, loss of taste, decreased tear production, hyperacusis
- Lesion at the genu (geniculate ganglion): Same as acoustic meatus
- Lesion distal to genu (between genu and stylomastoid foramen): Same as acoustic meatus but with normal lacrimation.
- Lesion below stylomastoid foramen: weakness on ipsilateral side of face (whole face),normal taste and lacrimation.
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
- Vestibular: balance. Cell bodies in vestibular ganglion. Vestibular nuclei. Floor of 4th ventricle. Connections: Vestibulospinal tracts, MLF, thalamus (VPN), cerebellum—direct connections to cerebellum also
- Cochlear: hearing. Cell bodies in cochlear ganglion. Cochlear nuclei. Floor of 4th ventricle. Connections to medial geniculate body & inferior colliculi etc.
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
- Branchiomotor to 3rd arch: Stylopharyngeus & pharynx
- Parasympathetic (secretomotor): Inferior salivatory nucleus—lesser petrosal nerve—Otic ganglion—parotid gland
- Somatic sensory: Ear—tympanic membrane—superior ganglion—trigeminal sensory nuclei
- Visceral sensory: Oropharynx, posterior third of tongue, carotid body & carotid sinus—inferior ganglion—nucleus solitarius
Vagus (X)
-
Branchiomotor to 4th & 6th arches: Nucleus ambiguus; special visceral motor in the neck; swallowing, phonation, palatoglossus
-
Parasympathetic: General visceral motor—thoracoabdominal—dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
-
Somatic sensory: Larynx—internal laryngeal nerve—superior ganglion—trigeminal sensory nuclei
-
Visceral sensory: Taste at valleculae; various viscera (heart, abdominal)—inferior ganglion—nucleus solitarius
Accessory (XI)
- Motor: Cranial accessory from N. ambiguus
- Spinal accessory from C1-C4/5
- Ascends through foramen magnum
- Emerges from jugular foramen—cranial fibers to vagus nerve: swallowing & phonation
- Spinal fibers: SCM + Trapezius
Hypoglossal (XII)
- Somatic motor to tongue
- Extrinsic: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus
- Intrinsic: transversal, longitudinal, vertical
ANS in Head and Neck
- Lacrimal, nasal, palatine, submandibular, & parotid glands innervation
- Somatic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic pathways
Cervical Sympathetic
- Superior cervical ganglion, gray rami, middle cervical ganglion & inferior cervical ganglion, internal & external carotid plexuses & cardiac nerves
Oculomotor Nerve (III)
- Describes the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and its connection to the eye muscles
Summary
- The learning outcomes and detail about cranial nerves VII-XII including their functions, sensory and motor properties, and various associated ganglia and structures.
- Practical applications of knowledge in the form of potential lesions and tests.
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