Anatomy Year 2: Cranial Nerves VII-XII
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What is the primary function of the glossopharyngeal nerve in relation to the parotid gland?

  • Sensory information from the larynx
  • Motor control for swallowing
  • Taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
  • Secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland (correct)

    • Which nucleus is associated with the branchiomotor function of the vagus nerve?

  • Dorsal motor nucleus
  • Nucleus ambiguus (correct)
  • Inferior salivatory nucleus
  • Nucleus solitarius

    • Which structures are innervated by the vagus nerve's branchiomotor fibers?

  • Tongue muscles
  • Muscles of facial expression
  • Pharynx and larynx muscles (correct)
  • Stylohyoid and digastric muscles

    • In the case of a vagus nerve injury, which clinical sign might be observed?

    <p>Deviation of the uvula towards the weak side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sensory function is provided by the glossopharyngeal nerve?

    <p>Taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the facial nerve (VII)?

    <p>Facial expression and taste sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands is innervated by the parasympathetic components of the facial nerve?

    <p>Lacrimal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the cell bodies of the visceral sensory neurons for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue reside?

    <p>Geniculate ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these nerves is a branch of the facial nerve?

    <p>Chorda tympani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers does the greater petrosal nerve carry?

    <p>Visceral motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of a lesion to the facial nerve?

    <p>Facial paralysis on the affected side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily relates to the motor functions of cranial nerve VII?

    <p>Superior salivatory nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a primary component of the facial nerve pathway?

    <p>Mixed motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the superior salivatory nucleus?

    <p>Secretomotor for salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures does the greater petrosal nerve connect with?

    <p>Pterygopalatine ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes upper motor neuron (UMN) facial palsy from lower motor neuron (LMN) facial palsy?

    <p>UMN spares the forehead, while LMN affects the whole face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a lesion below the stylomastoid foramen in relation to the facial nerve?

    <p>Weakness on the ipsilateral side of the face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is associated with the cochlear component of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

    <p>Connections to the medial geniculate body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Bell's palsy?

    <p>Facial muscle spasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connection is made by the post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating from the facial nerve?

    <p>Along trigeminal branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of the vestibular component of the vestibulocochlear nerve located?

    <p>Vestibular ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ganglion is associated with the parotid gland?

    <p>Otic ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerves emerge from the ciliary ganglion?

    <p>Short ciliary nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central nucleus associated with the otic ganglion?

    <p>Inferior salivatory nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands does the pterygopalatine ganglion primarily innervate?

    <p>Lacrimal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve carries pre-ganglionic fibers to the submandibular ganglion?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for bringing post-ganglionic fibers from the submandibular ganglion to the sublingual gland?

    <p>Lingual nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which central nucleus is associated with the submandibular ganglion?

    <p>Superior salivatory nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The greater petrosal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?

    <p>Cranial Nerve VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypoglossal nerve (XII)?

    <p>Somatic motor to the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (XI)?

    <p>Genioglossus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) originate in the nervous system?

    <p>Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pterygopalatine ganglion?

    <p>Parasympathetic innervation for lacrimation and nasal secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve(s) carry parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion?

    <p>CN VII – Facial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a lesion to the hypoglossal nerve?

    <p>Tongue deviates to the unhealthy side when stretched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ganglion is associated with sympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland?

    <p>Pterygopalatine ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the cervical sympathetic ganglion in the head and neck?

    <p>To facilitate sympathetic supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the somatic sensory innervation for the area supplied by the ophthalmic nerve (Va)?

    <p>CN V1 – Ophthalmic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ganglia is involved in the parasympathetic pathway to the parotid gland?

    <p>Otic ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does the trochlear nerve (IV) primarily innervate?

    <p>Superior oblique muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve includes fibers that emerge from the jugular foramen?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrinsic tongue muscle is responsible for altering the shape of the tongue?

    <p>Transversal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ciliary ganglion?

    <p>Vision accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei are involved in the secretomotor functions of the facial nerve (VII)?

    <p>Superior salivatory nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The facial nerve gives rise to which of the following nerves?

    <p>Nerve to stapedius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the chorda tympani nerve?

    <p>Carrying taste fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve functions primarily in taste and the motor control of facial expressions?

    <p>Facial nerve (VII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies for the visceral sensory components of the facial nerve located?

    <p>Geniculate ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a lesion to the facial nerve (VII) at the stylomastoid foramen?

    <p>Facial weakness and loss of facial expressivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is a primary pathway of the facial nerve responsible for providing parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands?

    <p>Chorda tympani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves serves as the conduit for taste sensation from the hard palate?

    <p>Greater petrosal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the inferior salivatory nucleus in relation to the glossopharyngeal nerve?

    <p>Parasympathetic secretomotor to the parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the event of a vagus nerve injury, which observation regarding pharyngeal movement would be expected?

    <p>Deviation of the uvula to the healthy side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the sensory pathways associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve?

    <p>Conducts visceral sensory from the oropharynx and carotid structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve's branchiomotor fibers?

    <p>Stylopharyngeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerve fibers carry information from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve?

    <p>Parasympathetic fibers to thoracoabdominal viscera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve?

    <p>Reach their destination along trigeminal branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is affected by a lesion in the internal acoustic meatus in relation to facial nerve function?

    <p>Motor nucleus of the facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of upper motor neuron (UMN) facial palsy compared to lower motor neuron (LMN) facial palsy?

    <p>Sparing of the forehead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the cell bodies of vestibular neurons reside?

    <p>Vestibular ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an accurate consequence of a lesion at the genu of the facial nerve?

    <p>Loss of taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers does the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve primarily carry?

    <p>Sensory fibers for hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the affected functions in Bell's palsy due to a facial nerve lesion?

    <p>Loss of taste sensation and tear production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures do the post-ganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion primarily innervate?

    <p>Lacrimal, palatine, and nasal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ganglion is associated with the innervation of the parotid gland?

    <p>Otic ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the post-ganglionic fibers originating from the otic ganglion?

    <p>They innervate the parotid gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve carries pre-ganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion?

    <p>Oculomotor nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is innervated by post-ganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion?

    <p>Lacrimal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleus is associated with the submandibular ganglion?

    <p>Superior salivatory nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure do the pre-ganglionic fibers from the facial nerve travel through to reach the pterygopalatine ganglion?

    <p>Greater petrosal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve provides post-ganglionic fibers to the submandibular gland?

    <p>Lingual nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ciliary ganglion provides innervation to which of the following?

    <p>Ciliary muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the ganglion associated with the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?

    <p>Pterygopalatine ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is primarily responsible for the somatic motor function to the tongue?

    <p>Hypoglossal nerve (XII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is associated with a lesion in the hypoglossal nerve?

    <p>Deviation of the tongue towards the affected side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers does the deep petrosal nerve primarily carry?

    <p>Sympathetic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

    <p>Hypoglossal nerve (XII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the superior cervical ganglion in the head and neck?

    <p>Providing sympathetic supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure emerges from the jugular foramen?

    <p>Accessory nerve (XI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleus is associated with the autonomic function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

    <p>Inferior salivatory nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (XI)?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

    <p>Facial nerve (VII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct regarding the pterygoid canal?

    <p>It carries the greater petrosal nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the facial nerve in terms of gland innervation is to provide:

    <p>Parasympathetic innervation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unique characteristic is associated with the function of the ciliary ganglion?

    <p>It involves the oculomotor nerve for parasympathetic functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cranial Nerves VII-XII

    • Cranial nerves VII-XII are discussed in a year 2, semester 1 anatomy class.
    • The lecturer is Dr. Vijayalakshmi S B, from the Department of Anatomy.
    • The date of the lecture was November 30, 2023.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Describe cranial nerves VII-XII, their nuclei, components, and courses.
    • Describe foramina, relations, and functions of cranial nerves VII-XII.
    • Discuss the effects of lesions to cranial nerves VII-XII.
    • Outline testing of cranial nerves VII-XII.
    • Describe the layout of the cervical sympathetic trunk and its cranial branches.
    • Define nuclei and pathways of cranial parasympathetics.
    • Describe cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X.
    • Discuss lesions of the autonomic system in the head and neck.

    Cranial Nerves (Detailed)

    • The first two cranial nerves (olfactory and optic) are not part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), but are counted as cranial nerves. They originate from the forebrain.
    • Olfactory (CN I): Sensory; smell
    • Optic (CN II): Sensory; vision
    • Oculomotor (CN III): Motor; controls most eye muscles, ciliary muscles, sphincter pupillae.
    • Trochlear (CN IV): Motor; superior oblique eye muscle.
    • Abducent (CN VI): Motor; lateral rectus eye muscle.
    • Trigeminal (CN V): Sensory (face, oral, nasal, sinus mucosa, teeth, anterior 2/3 of tongue) and Motor (muscles of mastication + 4 more)
    • Facial (CN VII): Motor (facial expression + 3 muscles); Intermediate nerve (submandibular, sublingual, lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands; taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, soft palate)
    • Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII): Sensory; equilibrium and hearing. Vestibular nerve (equilibrium, motion) and Cochlear nerve (hearing)
    • Glossopharyngeal (CN IX): Motor (stylopharyngeus, parotid gland); Sensory (taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue & general sensation from pharynx, tonsillar sinus, pharyngotympanic tube, middle ear cavity)
    • Vagus (CN X): Motor (palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, heart, GI tract); Sensory (pharynx, larynx; reflex sensory from tracheobronchial tree, lungs, heart, GI tract to left colic flexure)
    • Spinal accessory (CN XI): Motor; sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
    • Hypoglossal (CN XII): Motor; all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus).

    Facial Nerve (VII)

    • Branchiomotor (2nd arch): Facial expression, stylohyoid, post belly of digastric, stapedius
    • Parasympathetic (secretomotor): Lacrimal gland, submandibular/sublingual glands (Superior salivatory nucleus)
    • Somatic sensory: Ear
    • Visceral sensory: Taste (hard palate & anterior tongue) (Nucleus tractus solitarius)

    Facial Canal

    • Enters internal acoustic meatus
    • At geniculate ganglion, it branches to the greater petrosal nerve
    • Turns posteriorly in medial wall of the middle ear cavity
    • Turns inferiorly and laterally
    • Gives off nerve to stapedius and chorda tympani
    • Chorda tympani exits via petrotympanic fissure
    • Facial nerve exits via stylomastoid foramen

    Facial Expression & Neck Muscles

    • Various muscles of facial expression and neck are innervated by CN VII  

    Facial Nerve and Parotid Gland

    • Terminal branches described (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical)
    • Innervation of parotid gland details.

    Facial Nerve - Intracranial Branches

    • Greater petrosal nerve
    • Nerve to stapedius
    • Chorda tympani

    Facial Nerve - Visceral Sensory (Taste)

    • From anterior 2/3 of the tongue via lingual nerve -> chorda tympani  - From hard palate via greater petrosal nerve
    • Cell bodies in geniculate ganglion -> internal acoustic meatus -> to brain at cerebellopontine angle -> to tractus solitarius

    Facial Nerve – Parasympathetic Action

    • Superior salivatory nucleus (lower pons) -> secretomotor fibres -> facial canal
    • Greater petrosal nerve -> Pterygopalatine ganglion -> Lacrimal, palatine, & nasal glands
    • Chorda tympani -> Joins lingual nerve -> Submandibular ganglion -> Sublingual & submandibular glands
    • Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers along trigeminal branches reach their destination

    Facial Nerve - Cortical Control

    • Motor nucleus in brainstem
    • Cortex (Bilateral cortical control)

    Facial Palsy

    • UMN – forehead sparing
    • LMN – no forehead sparing
    • Infra-nuclear (Bell's Palsy):
      • Lesion in the internal acoustic meatus: weakness on ipsilateral side of face, loss of taste, decreased tear production, hyperacusis
      • Lesion at the genu (geniculate ganglion): Same as acoustic meatus
      • Lesion distal to genu (between genu and stylomastoid foramen): Same as acoustic meatus but with normal lacrimation.
      • Lesion below stylomastoid foramen: weakness on ipsilateral side of face (whole face),normal taste and lacrimation.

    Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

    • Vestibular: balance. Cell bodies in vestibular ganglion. Vestibular nuclei. Floor of 4th ventricle. Connections: Vestibulospinal tracts, MLF, thalamus (VPN), cerebellum—direct connections to cerebellum also
    • Cochlear: hearing. Cell bodies in cochlear ganglion. Cochlear nuclei. Floor of 4th ventricle. Connections to medial geniculate body & inferior colliculi etc.

    Glossopharyngeal (IX)

    • Branchiomotor to 3rd arch: Stylopharyngeus & pharynx
    • Parasympathetic (secretomotor): Inferior salivatory nucleus—lesser petrosal nerve—Otic ganglion—parotid gland
    • Somatic sensory: Ear—tympanic membrane—superior ganglion—trigeminal sensory nuclei
    • Visceral sensory: Oropharynx, posterior third of tongue, carotid body & carotid sinus—inferior ganglion—nucleus solitarius

    Vagus (X)

    • Branchiomotor to 4th & 6th arches: Nucleus ambiguus; special visceral motor in the neck; swallowing, phonation, palatoglossus

    • Parasympathetic: General visceral motor—thoracoabdominal—dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

    • Somatic sensory: Larynx—internal laryngeal nerve—superior ganglion—trigeminal sensory nuclei

    • Visceral sensory: Taste at valleculae; various viscera (heart, abdominal)—inferior ganglion—nucleus solitarius

    Accessory (XI)

    • Motor: Cranial accessory from N. ambiguus
    • Spinal accessory from C1-C4/5
    • Ascends through foramen magnum
    • Emerges from jugular foramen—cranial fibers to vagus nerve: swallowing & phonation
    • Spinal fibers: SCM + Trapezius

    Hypoglossal (XII)

    • Somatic motor to tongue
    • Extrinsic: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus
    • Intrinsic: transversal, longitudinal, vertical

    ANS in Head and Neck

    • Lacrimal, nasal, palatine, submandibular, & parotid glands innervation
    • Somatic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic pathways

    Cervical Sympathetic

    • Superior cervical ganglion, gray rami, middle cervical ganglion & inferior cervical ganglion, internal & external carotid plexuses & cardiac nerves

    Oculomotor Nerve (III)

    • Describes the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and its connection to the eye muscles

    Summary

    • The learning outcomes and detail about cranial nerves VII-XII including their functions, sensory and motor properties, and various associated ganglia and structures.
    • Practical applications of knowledge in the form of potential lesions and tests.

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    Cranial Nerves VII-XII PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers cranial nerves VII to XII discussed in the Year 2, Semester 1 anatomy class. Students will explore the nuclei, functions, and testing methods associated with these cranial nerves, as well as the impacts of lesions. Ideal for reinforcing knowledge on the autonomic system related to the head and neck.

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