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What does the term "anatomy" mean?
What does the term "anatomy" mean?
To cut up
The anatomical position refers to the body lying face down with arms at the sides.
The anatomical position refers to the body lying face down with arms at the sides.
False
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
What is the basic structural and functional component of the body?
What is the basic structural and functional component of the body?
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Which system is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to organs and cells, as well as removing waste products?
Which system is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to organs and cells, as well as removing waste products?
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What are the three main types of muscles in the body?
What are the three main types of muscles in the body?
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Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movement?
Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movement?
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The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that is enclosed by the pericardium.
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that is enclosed by the pericardium.
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Which of the following is NOT a chamber of the heart?
Which of the following is NOT a chamber of the heart?
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What are the two main types of valves in the heart?
What are the two main types of valves in the heart?
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The heart receives its blood supply from the pulmonary arteries.
The heart receives its blood supply from the pulmonary arteries.
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What is the role of the sino-atrial (SA) node?
What is the role of the sino-atrial (SA) node?
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What is the function of the digestive system?
What is the function of the digestive system?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the alimentary canal?
Which of the following is NOT part of the alimentary canal?
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What is the name of the space between the teeth and gums on the inside of the mouth?
What is the name of the space between the teeth and gums on the inside of the mouth?
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The tongue is a voluntary muscular structure located in the mouth and pharynx.
The tongue is a voluntary muscular structure located in the mouth and pharynx.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the tongue?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the tongue?
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Each individual develops two sets of teeth during their lifetime.
Each individual develops two sets of teeth during their lifetime.
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The pharynx is a muscular tube that is responsible for the passage of air and food.
The pharynx is a muscular tube that is responsible for the passage of air and food.
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What structure prevents food or fluid from entering the respiratory system during swallowing?
What structure prevents food or fluid from entering the respiratory system during swallowing?
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The trachea is a flexible tube with incomplete C-shaped rings of cartilage.
The trachea is a flexible tube with incomplete C-shaped rings of cartilage.
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What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs?
What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs?
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What is the primary function of endocrine glands?
What is the primary function of endocrine glands?
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Which hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, controls the secretion of other hormones?
Which hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, controls the secretion of other hormones?
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The thyroid gland is located in the neck, clasping the larynx and trachea.
The thyroid gland is located in the neck, clasping the larynx and trachea.
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What is the name given to an enlarged thyroid gland?
What is the name given to an enlarged thyroid gland?
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The term Anatomy is derived from a Latin word that translates to 'to cut up.'
The term Anatomy is derived from a Latin word that translates to 'to cut up.'
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What is the name of the flat bone in the anterior aspect of the thorax?
What is the name of the flat bone in the anterior aspect of the thorax?
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Which of the following is the basic structural and functional component of the body?
Which of the following is the basic structural and functional component of the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the axial skeleton?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the axial skeleton?
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What are the three main parts of a long bone?
What are the three main parts of a long bone?
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Which type of joint allows for no movement?
Which type of joint allows for no movement?
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What are the three types of muscles?
What are the three types of muscles?
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Which type of muscle is responsible for the contraction of the heart?
Which type of muscle is responsible for the contraction of the heart?
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What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
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The heart is a conical hollow muscular organ enclosed by the pericardium.
The heart is a conical hollow muscular organ enclosed by the pericardium.
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What is the name of the muscle layer that forms the heart wall?
What is the name of the muscle layer that forms the heart wall?
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What are the four chambers of the heart?
What are the four chambers of the heart?
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What is the name of the valve that lies between the right atrium and right ventricle?
What is the name of the valve that lies between the right atrium and right ventricle?
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What is the name of the valve that lies between the left atrium and left ventricle?
What is the name of the valve that lies between the left atrium and left ventricle?
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Which of the following structures initiates the heart beat?
Which of the following structures initiates the heart beat?
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What are the two coronary arteries that supply the heart with blood?
What are the two coronary arteries that supply the heart with blood?
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The digestive system is composed of only the alimentary canal.
The digestive system is composed of only the alimentary canal.
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What is the name of the muscular partition between the oral and nasal cavities?
What is the name of the muscular partition between the oral and nasal cavities?
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What is the main function of the tongue?
What is the main function of the tongue?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the salivary glands?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the salivary glands?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for guarding the junction between the larynx and pharynx?
Which of the following structures is responsible for guarding the junction between the larynx and pharynx?
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What is the role of vocal folds in the larynx?
What is the role of vocal folds in the larynx?
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What is the name of the large, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
What is the name of the large, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
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Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the right lung?
Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the right lung?
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The alveoli are the site of gas exchange between the air and blood.
The alveoli are the site of gas exchange between the air and blood.
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The endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood.
The endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood.
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What is the name of the gland that sits in a special fossa at the base of the brain?
What is the name of the gland that sits in a special fossa at the base of the brain?
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Which of the following hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?
Which of the following hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?
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What is the name of the gland that lies in the lower part of the front of the neck, clasping the larynx and upper part of the trachea?
What is the name of the gland that lies in the lower part of the front of the neck, clasping the larynx and upper part of the trachea?
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The parathyroid glands are located on either side of the thyroid gland.
The parathyroid glands are located on either side of the thyroid gland.
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What is the name of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands?
What is the name of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course Title: Anatomy Theoretical
- Level: First Level
- Semester: First Semester
- Academic Year: 2024-2025
- Institution: Mansoura National University, Faculty of Nursing
Anatomy
- Definition: The study of the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to one another.
- Anatomical Position: The body is in erect posture with the feet close together and the face directed forwards. The upper limbs are straight at the sides with palms facing forward.
Anatomical Planes
- Sagittal Plane: A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left parts.
- Median Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into equal right and left halves.
- Parasagittal Plane: Divides the body into unequal right and left parts.
- Coronal Plane: A vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.
- Transverse Plane: A horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts (cranial and caudal).
Anatomical Terms
- Superior: Towards the head.
- Inferior: Towards the feet.
- Anterior: Towards the front of the body.
- Posterior: Towards the back of the body.
- Medial: Towards the midline of the body.
- Lateral: Away from the midline of the body.
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment.
- Distal: Farther from the point of attachment.
- Superficial: Towards the surface of the body.
- Deep: Away from the surface of the body.
- Internal: Inside an organ or cavity.
- External: Outside an organ or cavity.
Movements
- Flexion: Decreases the angle between two bones.
- Extension: Increases the angle between two bones.
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline.
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline.
- Rotation: Movement around an axis.
- Medial Rotation: Rotation towards the midline.
- Lateral Rotation: Rotation away from the midline.
- Circumduction: A combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction.
- Protraction: Moving a part of the body forward.
- Retraction: Moving a part of the body backward.
Body Organization
- The body is composed of systems, each made of organs, each made of tissues, each made of cells.
- Cells are the basic structural and functional components of the body.
- Each cell is composed of cytoplasm, nucleus, and is surrounded by a cell membrane.
Body Regions
- The major body regions are head, neck, trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis), upper extremity, and lower extremity.
Body Systems
- Cardiovascular/Circulatory: Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste.
- Digestive: Digests and absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste.
- Endocrine: Chemical communication via hormones.
- Integumentary: Skin and its appendages (hair, nails).
- Lymphatic: Defends against disease. Lymph nodes filter lymph and may swell with infection.
- Musculoskeletal/Locomotor: Enables movement and supports the body.
Body Membranes
- Pleurae: Covers the lungs.
- Pericardium: Covers the heart.
- Peritoneum: Covers abdominal viscera.
The Skeleton (Locomotor System)
- Bones: Types of connective tissue:
- Compact Bone: Solid mass.
- Cancellous/Spongy Bone: Network of trabeculae.
- Long Bones: Femur, humerus.
- The human skeleton is divided into axial and appendicular parts.
- Axial: Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pelvic cavity.
- Appendicular: Bones of the upper and lower limbs.
- Shaft (diaphysis)
- Ends (epiphysis)
- Epiphyseal Plate: Cartilage responsible for bone growth in length.
Joints
- Definition: Meeting point of two or more bones.
- Types:
- Fibrous Joints: Joined by fibrous tissues (e.g., sutures of the skull).
- Cartilaginous Joints: Joined by cartilage (e.g., pubic symphysis, epiphyseal plates).
- Synovial Joints: Separated by a fluid-filled cavity (e.g., hip joint, knee joint).
Muscles
- Types of Muscle:
- Skeletal muscles: Voluntary, striated, attached to bones, produce movement.
- Smooth muscles: Involuntary, non-striated, found in internal organs.
- Cardiac muscles: Involuntary, striated, found in the heart.
Cardiovascular System:
- The heart: A hollow muscular organ; 4 chambers. Atria (2) and Ventricles (2). The heart has four valves: tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary and aortic valves that regulate blood flow
- Position: Obliquely behind the sternum
- External Features: Apex and Base
- Surfaces: Right, Left, Inferior (Diaphragmatic), Anterior (Sternocostal)
- Blood Supply: Coronary Arteries
- Nerve Supply: Autonomic nerves
Lymphatic System
- Lymph Nodes: Part of immune system, filters lymph, swelling may be a sign of infection
- Lymph Vessels : Provide pathway for pathogens and tumors to spread
Digestive System
- Alimentary Canal: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (caecum, appendix).
- Accessory digestive organs: Salivary glands, pancreas, liver & gallbladder
Respiratory System
- Parts: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
- Functions: Gas exchange, warmth, and filtration of inhaled air
Nervous System
- Divisions: Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System (including autonomic).
- Sympathetic: "fight or flight", increasing heart and blood pressure.
- Parasympathetic: "rest or digest", decreasing heart and blood pressure
Endocrine System
- Ductless Glands: Secrete hormones directly into the blood.
- Pituitary gland: Anterior and posterior lobes.
- Thyroid gland: Located in neck, secretes thyroxine
- Parathyroid glands: Behind the thyroid, control calcium and phosphorus levels
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Description
This quiz focuses on the foundational concepts of anatomy based on the first semester course at Mansoura National University. It covers definitions, anatomical positions, planes, and essential terminology related to body structure. Test your understanding of these crucial topics in the study of anatomy.
