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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the skeletal system related to blood?
What is the primary function of the skeletal system related to blood?
How many bones comprise the axial skeleton?
How many bones comprise the axial skeleton?
Which type of bone is classified as short bone?
Which type of bone is classified as short bone?
What type of bone development involves ossification from a cartilage model?
What type of bone development involves ossification from a cartilage model?
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What is the total number of vertebrae in the vertebral column?
What is the total number of vertebrae in the vertebral column?
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Which field of anatomy focuses on the microscopic structure of tissues?
Which field of anatomy focuses on the microscopic structure of tissues?
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What term describes the position of a body part that is situated towards the front of the body?
What term describes the position of a body part that is situated towards the front of the body?
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Which anatomical term describes the movement that brings a limb closer to the body's midline?
Which anatomical term describes the movement that brings a limb closer to the body's midline?
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What is the term for the anatomical position where the person is lying face down?
What is the term for the anatomical position where the person is lying face down?
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Which of the following bones is classified as part of the axial skeleton?
Which of the following bones is classified as part of the axial skeleton?
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Which anatomical term refers to a structure being further from the point of attachment?
Which anatomical term refers to a structure being further from the point of attachment?
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In terms of anatomical planes, which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
In terms of anatomical planes, which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary function of bones?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of bones?
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Study Notes
Anatomy Definition
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of living organisms.
Fields of Anatomy
- Gross Anatomy: Study of structures visible to the naked eye.
- Surface Anatomy: Study of surface markings of the body.
- Histology: Study of tissues using a microscope.
- Developmental Anatomy (Embryology): Study of development from fertilization to birth.
- Comparative Anatomy: Study of similarities and differences between organisms.
- Applied Anatomy: Study of clinical applications of anatomical knowledge.
- Radiological Anatomy: Study of structures using imaging techniques.
Levels of Organization of the Human Body
- System Approach: Studying the body by systems (e.g., skeletal, muscular, nervous).
- Regional Approach: Studying the body by regions (e.g., head, neck, trunk, limbs).
Anatomical Position
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Standard reference point for describing body parts:
- Standing erect
- Feet together
- Arms at the sides
- Palms facing forward
Body Positions
- Supine: lying face up
- Prone: lying face down
- Lithotomy: lying on the back with legs raised and supported at the knees and ankles
Anatomical Planes
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Sagittal Plane: divides the body into left and right sides.
- Median Plane: divides the body into equal halves.
- Coronal (Frontal) Plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
- Transverse (Axial) Plane: divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
Anatomical Terms of Relative Position
- Anterior (Ventral): front of the body.
- Posterior (Dorsal): back of the body.
- Superior (Cranial): towards the head.
- Inferior (Caudal): towards the feet.
- Central: towards the center of the body.
- Peripheral: towards the outer surface of the body.
- Medial: closer to the midline of the body.
- Lateral: further away from the midline of the body.
- Ipsilateral: on the same side of the body.
- Contralateral: on the opposite side of the body.
Anatomical Terms of the Limbs
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment to the trunk.
- Distal: Further away from the point of attachment to the trunk.
- Preaxial Border: Thumb side of the limb.
- Postaxial Border: Little finger side of the limb.
- Flexor surface: anterior surface of the arm and leg.
- Extensor surface: posterior surface of the arm and leg.
Anatomical Terms of Solid Organs
- Superficial (External): nearer the surface of the body.
- Deep (Internal): further away from the surface of the body.
Anatomical Terms Describing Movements
- Flexion: bending a joint.
- Extension: straightening a joint.
- Abduction: moving a limb away from the midline.
- Adduction: moving a limb towards the midline.
- Medial Rotation: rotation towards the midline.
- Lateral Rotation: rotation away from the midline.
- Circumduction: circular movement of a limb.
- Elevation: raising a body part.
- Depression: lowering a body part.
- Protrusion: moving a body part forward.
- Retraction: moving a body part backwards.
- Pronation: rotating the forearm so palm faces backwards.
- Supination: rotating the forearm so palm faces forwards.
- Dorsiflexion: bending the foot upwards.
- Plantar Flexion: bending the foot downwards.
- Inversion of Foot: turning the sole of the foot inwards.
- Eversion of Foot: turning the sole of the foot outwards.
- Opposition: touching the thumb to other fingers.
- Reposition: returning thumb to anatomical position.
Bone Definition
- Bone: a hard, rigid connective tissue that forms the skeleton.
Functions of Bone
- Support: Provides framework for the body.
- Protection: Protects vital organs.
- Levers: Enables movement by acting as levers for muscles.
- Mineral Storage: Stores calcium and phosphate.
- Blood Cell Formation (Hematopoiesis) Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
- Body Weight Transmission: Transmits the weight of the body from upper to lower limbs.
- Joint Formation: Provides surface for articulation of bones at joints.
Human Skeleton
- Total Number of Bones: 206
-
Two Major Divisions:
- Exoskeleton: external structures that cover or support the body (e.g., hair, nails).
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Endoskeleton: internal framework of the body:
- Axial Skeleton: 80 bones
- Appendicular Skeleton: 126 bones
Axial Skeleton
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Components:
- Skull (22 bones + 6 ear ossicles).
- Vertebral Column (33 vertebrae).
- Thoracic Cage (12 pairs of ribs, sternum, 12 thoracic vertebrae).
Appendicular Skeleton
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Components:
- Upper Extremity: 64 bones
- Lower Extremity: 62 bones
Classifications of Bones
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According to Microscopic Structure:
- Compact: Dense, solid bone.
- Spongy (Cancellous): Porous bone.
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According to Development (Ossification):
- Membranous: Develop directly from mesenchyme (e.g., flat bones of the skull).
- Cartilagenous: Develop from cartilage models (e.g., long bones).
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According to Shape:
- Long bones: Longer than they are wide (e.g., femur, humerus).
- Short bones: Cube-shaped (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
- Flat bones: Thin, flattened, and curved (e.g., skull bones, ribs).
- Irregular bones: Complex, uneven shapes (e.g., vertebrae).
- Sesamoid bones: Small, round bones found in tendons (e.g., patella).
- Pneumatic bones: Bones containing air cavities (e.g., some skull bones).
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According to Bone Marrow:
- Red marrow: Produces blood cells.
- Yellow marrow: Stores fat.
Structure of Long Bones (Gross Anatomy)
- Diaphysis: Shaft of the bone.
- Epiphysis: Ends of the bone.
- Periosteum: Fibrous membrane covering the bone.
- Medullary Cavity: Hollow space within the diaphysis containing bone marrow.
- Articular Cartilage: Covers the joint surfaces.
Skull
- Total Number of Bones: 22 + 6 ear ossicles
-
Paired Bones:
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Frontal
- Occipital
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Maxilla
- Palatine
- Zygomatic
- Lacrimal
- Nasal
- Inferior Nasal Conchae
-
Unpaired Bones:
- Vomer
- Mandible
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Ear Ossicles:
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
Vertebral Column
- Total Number of Vertebrae: 33
-
Regions:
- Cervical: 7 vertebrae (C1-C7)
- Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (T1-T12)
- Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (L1-L5)
- Sacral: 5 fused vertebrae (S1-S5)
- Coccygeal: 4 fused vertebrae (Co1-Co4)
Thoracic Cage
-
Components:
- 12 pairs of ribs
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
- Sternum
- Xiphoid Process
Typical Thoracic Vertebra
-
Key Features:
- Heart-shaped body
- Transverse costal facets for rib articulation
- Spinous process: long and pointed
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Description
Test your knowledge of the skeletal system with this quiz that covers the primary functions of bones, types of bones, and anatomical terminology. Explore questions about the axial skeleton, bone development, and anatomical positions. Perfect for students in anatomy or biology classes.
