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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a serous membrane?
Which of the following is NOT a serous membrane?
- Synovial Membrane (correct)
- Pleural Membrane
- Peritoneum
- Pericardium
What type of tissue is the primary component of a scar?
What type of tissue is the primary component of a scar?
- Connective tissue (correct)
- Epithelial tissue
- Nervous tissue
- Muscle tissue
What is the function of the lamina propria in mucous membranes?
What is the function of the lamina propria in mucous membranes?
- Secretes mucus
- Protects from pathogens
- Filters blood
- Provides structural support (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inflammation?
What is the role of fibroblasts during tissue repair?
What is the role of fibroblasts during tissue repair?
Which type of tissue repair leads to the formation of a scar?
Which type of tissue repair leads to the formation of a scar?
What is the main function of a blood clot during tissue repair?
What is the main function of a blood clot during tissue repair?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the cutaneous membrane?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the cutaneous membrane?
What is the primary function of cardiac muscle?
What is the primary function of cardiac muscle?
Which of the following best describes the physical characteristics of smooth muscle?
Which of the following best describes the physical characteristics of smooth muscle?
Where is skeletal muscle typically located?
Where is skeletal muscle typically located?
What is a distinguishing feature of cardiac muscle cells?
What is a distinguishing feature of cardiac muscle cells?
What type of control does smooth muscle exhibit?
What type of control does smooth muscle exhibit?
What is the primary function of elastic fibers in connective tissue?
What is the primary function of elastic fibers in connective tissue?
Which type of cartilage is best characterized by its ability to maintain shape with flexibility?
Which type of cartilage is best characterized by its ability to maintain shape with flexibility?
What characteristic differentiates fibrocartilage from hyaline cartilage?
What characteristic differentiates fibrocartilage from hyaline cartilage?
In what locations can hyaline cartilage typically be found?
In what locations can hyaline cartilage typically be found?
What is the main function of bone tissue?
What is the main function of bone tissue?
Which components make up the formed elements of blood?
Which components make up the formed elements of blood?
What describes the intrinsic property of cartilage in terms of nutrient acquisition?
What describes the intrinsic property of cartilage in terms of nutrient acquisition?
Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for transmitting electrical signals?
Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for transmitting electrical signals?
What is a key feature of skeletal muscle tissue?
What is a key feature of skeletal muscle tissue?
Which component of blood accounts for the majority of its volume?
Which component of blood accounts for the majority of its volume?
What are the primary germ layers responsible for the formation of different tissue types?
What are the primary germ layers responsible for the formation of different tissue types?
Which feature is NOT characteristic of epithelial tissue?
Which feature is NOT characteristic of epithelial tissue?
Which type of epithelial tissue is specialized for absorption and secretion?
Which type of epithelial tissue is specialized for absorption and secretion?
What is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland?
What is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland?
Which classification of connective tissue is characterized by its gel-like matrix with all three fiber types?
Which classification of connective tissue is characterized by its gel-like matrix with all three fiber types?
What type of connective tissue is primarily responsible for shock absorption and insulation?
What type of connective tissue is primarily responsible for shock absorption and insulation?
Which type of muscle tissue is striated and involuntary?
Which type of muscle tissue is striated and involuntary?
Which type of gland releases hormones directly into the bloodstream?
Which type of gland releases hormones directly into the bloodstream?
Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by multiple layers of cells with the apical layer being squamous?
Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by multiple layers of cells with the apical layer being squamous?
Which type of connective tissue forms a soft internal skeleton supporting other cells?
Which type of connective tissue forms a soft internal skeleton supporting other cells?
Which type of secretion involves the rupturing of gland cells?
Which type of secretion involves the rupturing of gland cells?
What is the primary function of transitional epithelial tissue?
What is the primary function of transitional epithelial tissue?
Which of the following connective tissue types has a rich blood supply?
Which of the following connective tissue types has a rich blood supply?
Which structural element of connective tissue provides tensile strength?
Which structural element of connective tissue provides tensile strength?
Flashcards
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary muscle attached to bones or skin, enabling movement.
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary muscle found in the heart, with striated, branched cells and intercalated discs.
Intercalated Discs
Intercalated Discs
Specialized junctions between cardiac muscle cells that allow for coordinated contraction.
Smooth Muscle
Smooth Muscle
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Function of Smooth Muscle
Function of Smooth Muscle
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Elastic Connective Tissue
Elastic Connective Tissue
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Cartilage
Cartilage
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Chondroblasts
Chondroblasts
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Hyaline Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
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Elastic Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
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Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage
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Bone (Osseous Tissue)
Bone (Osseous Tissue)
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
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Plasma
Plasma
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Nervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue
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Membrane Types
Membrane Types
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Cutaneous Membrane
Cutaneous Membrane
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Mucous Membranes
Mucous Membranes
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Serous Membranes
Serous Membranes
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Inflammation
Inflammation
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Regeneration
Regeneration
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Fibrosis
Fibrosis
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Inflammatory Chemicals
Inflammatory Chemicals
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Histology
Histology
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Four types of tissues
Four types of tissues
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Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue
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Connective tissue
Connective tissue
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Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue
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Primary germ layers
Primary germ layers
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Simple squamous epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
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Stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
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Glandular epithelium
Glandular epithelium
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Exocrine glands
Exocrine glands
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Fibroblasts
Fibroblasts
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Extracellular matrix
Extracellular matrix
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Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue
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Study Notes
Anatomy & Physiology - Tissues
- Histology is the study of tissues
- Tissues are groups of cells similar in structure and function
- The four main types of tissues are:
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
Tissues: Nervous
- Nervous tissue is responsible for internal communication
- It includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- Muscle tissue contracts to cause movement
- Skeletal muscles move bones,
- Cardiac muscles power the heart,
- Smooth muscles move the contents of hollow organs
Tissues: Epithelial
- Epithelial tissue forms boundaries between environments
- It protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
- It includes:
- Covering and lining epithelium
- Glandular epithelium
Tissues: Connective
- Connective tissues support, protect, and bind other tissues
- They are found throughout the body
- Connective tissues include:
- Bones
- Tendons
- Fat and other padding tissue
Developmental Aspects of Tissues
- Primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) form early in embryonic development
- Tissues specialize from these germ layers:
- Nerve tissue from ectoderm
- Muscle and connective tissues from mesoderm
- Epithelial tissues from all three germ layers
Epithelial Tissue - Characteristics
- Cellularity: Tightly packed cells
- Special contacts: Tight and desmosome junctions, gap junctions
- Polarity: Apical (free) and basal (attached) surfaces
- Supported by connective tissue (basement membrane)
- Avascular but innervated
- Regenerative (mitotic)
Classification of Epithelia
- Squamous: Flattened and scale-like
- Cuboidal: Boxlike
- Columnar: Tall and column-shaped
- Simple: Single layer of cells
- Stratified: Multiple layers of cells
- Pseudostratified: Appears layered but is single
Cellular Specializations
- Cilia: Hair-like projections for movement
- Microvilli: Finger-like projections for absorption
- Goblet cells: Secrete mucus
Epithelia: Glandular
- Glands are structures that secrete substances
- Classified as:
- Endocrine: Ductless, secreting hormones directly into the blood
- Exocrine: Secrete products into ducts that open onto body surfaces
- Unicellular glands (e.g., goblet cells) and multicellular glands (e.g., salivary glands)
Connective Tissue - Characteristics
- Originates from mesenchyme (embryonic tissue)
- Variable degree of vascularity (some are avascular)
- Extracellular matrix: Non-living material (ground substance + fibers)
Connective Tissue - Structural Elements
- Ground substance: Unstructured material that fills space between cells
- Fibers: Collagen, elastic, reticular
- Cells: Fibroblasts, macrophages, other immune cells, and more specialized cells depending on the tissue
Connective Tissue - Types
- Embryonic Connective Tissue (Mesenchyme, Wharton's jelly)
- Connective Tissue Proper (Loose, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, elastic)
- Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage)
- Bone (osseous tissue)
- Blood
Muscle Tissue
- Well-vascularized
- Responsible for body movement
- Possess myofilaments (actin and myosin)
- Types: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Nervous Tissue
- Branching cells (neurons)
- Transmit electrical signals
- Includes supporting cells
- Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves
Membranes
- Cutaneous: Skin (epithelial + connective tissue)
- Mucous: Line body cavities open to the exterior (epithelial + connective tissue)
- Serous: Line closed ventral body cavities (epithelial + connective tissue)
Tissue Trauma & Repair
- Inflammation is a nonspecific response to injury
- It involves:
- Chemical releases (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, cytokines, leukotrienes)
- Vasodilation
- Increased capillary permeability
- Tissue repair:
- Regeneration (replacing the damaged tissue with the same type)
- Fibrosis (replacing with scar tissue)
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