Anatomy & Physiology of the PNS Chapter 12
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Questions and Answers

During the first 3 weeks of gestation, how does the neural tube change?

  • It stops growing
  • It flexes as it grows (correct)
  • It disappears
  • It stays the same

    • What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

  • Nervous tissue outside the CNS, including nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors (correct)
  • Only nerves
  • Only ganglia
  • Only enteric plexuses and sensory receptors

    • What are the major parts of the adult brain derived from?

  • The neural tube
  • The 1st and 3rd primary brain vesicles
  • The 5 secondary brain vesicles
  • The 2o brain vesicles (correct)

    • What are the 5 secondary brain vesicles formed from?

    <p>The 1st and 3rd primary brain vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three parts that make up the 'brain stem'?

    <p>Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of signals originate in the CNS?

    <p>Signals that stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nervous system?

    <p>To detect and respond to environmental changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of nervous tissue allows for the generation of nerve impulses?

    <p>Its excitable nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three fundamental steps involved in the functioning of the nervous system?

    <p>Sensory function, interpretation, and motor response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Over 100 billion neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of?

    <p>The answer is not specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system?

    <p>The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons conduct impulses between afferent and efferent neurons within the CNS?

    <p>Interneurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the motor part of the ANS?

    <p>To control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ENS?

    <p>To regulate GI propulsion and acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the nervous system consists of somatic sensory neurons and somatic motor neurons?

    <p>Somatic Nervous System (SNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

    <p>Actions on target organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of neurons in the enteric plexuses of the ENS?

    <p>100 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a sensory receptor?

    <p>To monitor changes in the external or internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nerve composed of?

    <p>Hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of ganglia in the body?

    <p>Primarily outside the brain and spinal cord, closely associated with cranial and spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels?

    <p>Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

    <p>31</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of ganglia based on?

    <p>their type of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the dorsal root?

    <p>to transmit sensory information to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the integrative function of the nervous system?

    <p>to analyze and make decisions based on sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pathway of an action potential in a neuron?

    <p>conveyance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ventral root?

    <p>to transmit motor signals from the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the detection of internal stimuli by sensory receptors?

    <p>sensory function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • Consists of all nervous tissue outside the Central Nervous System (CNS), including nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors.

    Brain Development

    • During the first 3 weeks of gestation, the human embryo's neural tube flexes, forming the three primary brain vesicles: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
    • The 1st and 3rd vesicles further divide, forming 5 secondary brain vesicles in a process called encephalization.
    • The major parts of the adult brain are directly derived from the 2nd brain vesicles.

    Brain Stem

    • Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata make up the brain stem.

    Divisions of the Nervous System

    • The PNS is further divided into:
      • Somatic nervous system (SNS)
      • Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
      • Enteric nervous system (ENS)

    Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

    • Consists of:
      • Somatic sensory (afferent) neurons that convey information from sensory receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs to the CNS.
      • Somatic motor (efferent) neurons that conduct impulses away from the CNS towards skeletal muscles under voluntary control.

    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    • Consists of:
      • Sensory neurons that convey information from autonomic sensory receptors to the CNS.
      • Motor neurons under involuntary control that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
      • The motor part of the ANS consists of two branches with opposing actions: the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.

    Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

    • Involuntarily controls GI propulsion, acid and hormonal secretions.
    • Consists of over 100 million neurons in enteric plexuses that extend most of the length of the GI tract.

    Nerve

    • A bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels that lies outside the brain and spinal cord.

    Ganglia

    • Small masses of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord.

    Sensory Receptors

    • Structures that monitor changes in the external or internal environment (e.g., touch receptors in the skin, photoreceptors, and olfactory receptors).

    Functions of the Nervous System

    • Sensory function: detects internal and external stimuli through sensory receptors.
    • Integrative function: processes sensory information by analyzing it and making decisions for appropriate responses.
    • Motor function: elicits an appropriate motor response by activating effectors (muscles and glands) through cranial and spinal nerves.

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    Description

    Explore the nervous system's role in detecting environmental changes, responding to events, and controlling behaviors, memories, and movement. Learn about the excitable characteristic of nervous tissue and its functions.

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