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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of mitosis in somatic cells?
What is the primary purpose of mitosis in somatic cells?
- To initiate sexual reproduction
- To facilitate genetic recombination
- To produce two identical daughter cells (correct)
- To produce four non-identical daughter cells
Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one sex chromosome pair.
Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one sex chromosome pair.
True (A)
What is the term for the phase where DNA is duplicated in the somatic cell cycle?
What is the term for the phase where DNA is duplicated in the somatic cell cycle?
S Phase
The two identical chromatids joined by a ______ are part of a chromosome.
The two identical chromatids joined by a ______ are part of a chromosome.
Match the following phases of the somatic cell cycle with their descriptions:
Match the following phases of the somatic cell cycle with their descriptions:
Which of the following is a function of histones?
Which of the following is a function of histones?
In a diploid organism, there is only one copy of each chromosome.
In a diploid organism, there is only one copy of each chromosome.
What are kinetochores used for during cell division?
What are kinetochores used for during cell division?
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
Cytokinesis occurs during the prophase stage of mitosis.
Cytokinesis occurs during the prophase stage of mitosis.
What is produced at the end of meiosis?
What is produced at the end of meiosis?
The process of restoring the diploid (2n) state from gametes is called _____.
The process of restoring the diploid (2n) state from gametes is called _____.
Match the mitosis stages with their descriptions:
Match the mitosis stages with their descriptions:
How many chromosomes are present in gametes produced by meiosis?
How many chromosomes are present in gametes produced by meiosis?
During anaphase, the mitotic spindle fibers lengthen to separate sister chromatids.
During anaphase, the mitotic spindle fibers lengthen to separate sister chromatids.
What type of cells are produced by meiosis?
What type of cells are produced by meiosis?
What occurs during DNA duplication?
What occurs during DNA duplication?
During Prophase I, homologous chromosomes move apart.
During Prophase I, homologous chromosomes move apart.
What is the outcome of cytokinesis after meiosis II in female humans?
What is the outcome of cytokinesis after meiosis II in female humans?
During _____ I, the nuclear envelope disintegrates.
During _____ I, the nuclear envelope disintegrates.
Match the following phases of meiosis with their key events:
Match the following phases of meiosis with their key events:
How many daughter cells are produced after meiosis II?
How many daughter cells are produced after meiosis II?
Centrosomes migrate to opposite ends during Metaphase I.
Centrosomes migrate to opposite ends during Metaphase I.
What genetic variation is introduced during the formation of gametes?
What genetic variation is introduced during the formation of gametes?
What is the process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes called?
What is the process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes called?
Cancer is characterized by controlled cell division.
Cancer is characterized by controlled cell division.
What type of cells were collected from Henrietta Lacks for research purposes?
What type of cells were collected from Henrietta Lacks for research purposes?
The protein responsible for adding nucleotide bases during transcription is __________.
The protein responsible for adding nucleotide bases during transcription is __________.
What role does Cyclin D-Cdk4 play in cell division?
What role does Cyclin D-Cdk4 play in cell division?
Cyclins are proteins that are consistently present throughout the cell cycle.
Cyclins are proteins that are consistently present throughout the cell cycle.
Match the following cyclin-Cdk combinations with their function:
Match the following cyclin-Cdk combinations with their function:
Following syngamy, a fertilized egg leads to _______ cells.
Following syngamy, a fertilized egg leads to _______ cells.
Study Notes
Importance of Cell Division
- Essential for prokaryotic reproduction, growth, development, wound healing, and cancer progression.
Chromosomes
- Comprised of condensed DNA, categorized as diploid (2n) with two chromosome copies or haploid (n) with one copy.
- Humans typically possess 46 chromosomes (23 pairs): 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX for females, XY for males).
- Composition consists of DNA, histones for structural support and gene regulation, cohesin proteins for chromatid cohesion, and kinetochores for microtubule attachment during division.
Mitosis
- Process of somatic cell division producing two identical daughter cells through chromosome replication and division, followed by cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis).
- Phases of the somatic cell cycle include:
- Interphase (G0, G1, S, G2): Non-dividing state, cellular component duplication (except chromosomes), DNA synthesis, and quality checks.
- Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase): Chromatin condenses, chromosomes align, sister chromatids separate, and nuclear envelopes reform.
Meiosis
- Specialized cell division for gamete formation, yielding four unique haploid daughter cells for sexual reproduction.
- Involves:
- Interphase (similar to mitosis): Cellular and DNA duplication.
- Prophase I: Chromosomes pair (tetrads), undergo synapsis, and the nuclear envelope dissolves.
- Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate while sister chromatids remain together.
- Meiosis II involves prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis, ultimately producing four haploid cells (one egg and three polar bodies).
Genetic Diversity
- The combinations from egg and sperm are vast (8,388,604 each), leading to immense genetic variation after syngamy (fertilization).
- Crossing over during synapsis enhances genetic diversity by exchanging material between homologous chromosomes.
Regulation of Cell Division
- Regulated by cyclins (proteins synthesized at specific times) and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), with different cyclin-Cdk complexes driving the cell cycle at key checkpoints.
- Cyclin D-Cdk4: relevant in mid-G1, promoting progression past the restriction point.
- Cyclin A-Cdk2: activates during S phase, facilitating DNA replication.
- Cyclin B-Cdk1: initiates the transition from G2 to mitosis.
Cancer
- Characterized by uncontrolled cell division, frequently marked by shortened or absent interphase.
- Causes include inherited genetic changes and environmental factors that can damage DNA.
- HeLa cells, derived from Henrietta Lacks, play a vital role in cancer research since their collection in 1951.
Protein Synthesis
- Involves transcription where DNA serves as a template for RNA synthesis, facilitated by RNA polymerase which adds nucleotides at the 3’ end.
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Description
Explore the crucial concepts of cell division and the significance of chromosomes in this quiz based on Anatomy & Physiology I. Covering important topics such as reproduction in prokaryotes, growth, wound healing, and cancer, this quiz helps reinforce your understanding of gene expression and cellular processes.
