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Questions and Answers
What are the interconnecting rods or plates found in spongy bone called?
What are the interconnecting rods or plates found in spongy bone called?
- Lamellae
- Canaliculi
- Osteons
- Trabeculae (correct)
What is the functional unit of compact bone?
What is the functional unit of compact bone?
- Lacuna
- Osteon (correct)
- Trabecula
- Canaliculus
Which cell type is primarily responsible for bone formation?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for bone formation?
- Chondrocytes
- Adipocytes
- Osteoclasts
- Osteoblasts (correct)
What fills the spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone during life?
What fills the spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone during life?
What is the structure called that connects osteocytes in a compact bone?
What is the structure called that connects osteocytes in a compact bone?
Which component is NOT found in the central canal of an osteon?
Which component is NOT found in the central canal of an osteon?
What is one of the primary functions of the skeletal system?
What is one of the primary functions of the skeletal system?
What purpose do lamellae serve in compact bone?
What purpose do lamellae serve in compact bone?
Which type of bone contains osteoclasts on the surfaces of trabeculae?
Which type of bone contains osteoclasts on the surfaces of trabeculae?
What percentage of the bone matrix is organic material?
What percentage of the bone matrix is organic material?
Which component is primarily responsible for the toughness of tendons and ligaments?
Which component is primarily responsible for the toughness of tendons and ligaments?
What is the primary inorganic component of bone matrix?
What is the primary inorganic component of bone matrix?
Which statement accurately describes the role of collagen in the bone matrix?
Which statement accurately describes the role of collagen in the bone matrix?
How many pairs of ribs compose the thoracic cage?
How many pairs of ribs compose the thoracic cage?
Which type of ribs attach directly to the sternum by cartilage?
Which type of ribs attach directly to the sternum by cartilage?
Which function of the skeletal system involves the storage of minerals?
Which function of the skeletal system involves the storage of minerals?
Which structure is commonly referred to as the breastbone?
Which structure is commonly referred to as the breastbone?
Which type of connective tissue is primarily found in both tendons and ligaments?
Which type of connective tissue is primarily found in both tendons and ligaments?
What is the function of the thoracic cage?
What is the function of the thoracic cage?
What is the largest bone of the lower leg?
What is the largest bone of the lower leg?
What do proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of cartilage do?
What do proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of cartilage do?
Which of the following bones is part of the pectoral girdle?
Which of the following bones is part of the pectoral girdle?
Which bone is commonly referred to as the knee cap?
Which bone is commonly referred to as the knee cap?
What is the role of the scapula in the human body?
What is the role of the scapula in the human body?
Which group of bones makes up the ankle?
Which group of bones makes up the ankle?
How many bones are typically found in the fingers and toes combined?
How many bones are typically found in the fingers and toes combined?
What is the anatomical term for the bone located in the upper forelimb?
What is the anatomical term for the bone located in the upper forelimb?
Which bone in the lower limb contributes to the structure of the thigh?
Which bone in the lower limb contributes to the structure of the thigh?
Which of the following bones is NOT found in the forearm?
Which of the following bones is NOT found in the forearm?
What term describes the bones of the foot excluding the toes?
What term describes the bones of the foot excluding the toes?
Which of the following bones is classified as a smaller bone in the lower leg?
Which of the following bones is classified as a smaller bone in the lower leg?
Which of the following describes the function of the phalanges?
Which of the following describes the function of the phalanges?
What type of joint is characterized by being non-movable?
What type of joint is characterized by being non-movable?
Which subclass of joints is united by fibrous connective tissue?
Which subclass of joints is united by fibrous connective tissue?
Which type of joint allows for the greatest degree of movement?
Which type of joint allows for the greatest degree of movement?
An example of an amphiarthrosis joint is found between which structures?
An example of an amphiarthrosis joint is found between which structures?
What type of joint is characterized by a fluid-filled capsule?
What type of joint is characterized by a fluid-filled capsule?
Which of the following is NOT a subclass of fibrous joints?
Which of the following is NOT a subclass of fibrous joints?
Which type of cartilage is associated with cartilaginous joints?
Which type of cartilage is associated with cartilaginous joints?
Which functional classification describes a slightly movable joint?
Which functional classification describes a slightly movable joint?
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Study Notes
Components of the Skeletal System
- Comprises bones, cartilages, tendons, and ligaments.
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Provides body support.
- Protects vital organs.
- Facilitates body movement.
- Serves as a reservoir for mineral storage.
- Produces blood cells.
Bone Histology
- Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments are types of connective tissues.
- Their properties are influenced by the extracellular matrix, containing collagen, ground substance, organic molecules, water, and minerals.
Bone Matrix Composition
- Bone matrix: approximately 35% organic (mainly collagen and proteoglycans) and 65% inorganic (primarily hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2).
- Collagen fibers impart flexibility; minerals contribute to weight-bearing strength.
Spongy Bone
- Spongy bone consists of trabeculae (interconnecting rods/plates) with spaces filled with bone marrow and vessels.
- Surfaces are lined with osteoblasts and some osteoclasts.
Compact Bone
- Compact bone is the denser outer layer surrounding all bones.
- Functional unit called osteon made of concentric matrix rings around a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves.
- Osteocytes reside in lacunae surrounded by lamellae, connected by canaliculi for nutrient transport.
Thoracic Cage
- Composed of 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum (breastbone).
- True ribs attach directly to the sternum, false ribs attach indirectly, and floating ribs are not attached.
Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
- Scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collar bone) form the pectoral girdle.
- Upper limb includes humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
Lower Limb Bones
- Consists of femur (thigh), patella (knee cap), tibia (larger lower leg bone), and fibula (smaller lower leg bone).
- Foot structure includes tarsals (ankle), metatarsals (foot), and phalanges (toes).
Articulations (Joints)
- Formed where two bones meet; classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial based on connective tissue type and joint capsule presence.
- Functional classifications: synarthroses (non-movable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), diarthroses (freely movable).
Structural Classification of Joints
- Fibrous Joints: Connected by fibrous connective tissue (e.g., sutures).
- Cartilaginous Joints: Unite by cartilage (e.g., synchondroses).
- Synovial Joints: Characterized by a fluid cavity; predominant in the appendicular skeleton.
Functional Classification of Joints
- Synarthrosis: Non-movable; e.g., skull articulations.
- Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable; e.g., intervertebral joints.
- Diarthrosis: Freely movable; e.g., knee, elbow, wrist joints.
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