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What is the primary function of osteoblasts in the skeletal system?
Which component of the extracellular matrix is primarily responsible for providing flexibility to bone?
What is the role of osteocytes within the bone?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
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What constitutes the inorganic material in bone matrix?
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How are osteoclasts significant in bone remodeling?
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What are the structural layers of mature bone referred to as?
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Which component is most abundant in the extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments?
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What is the main function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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Which part of the skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs?
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How many bones are present in the average adult human skeleton?
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What is the classification of a bone that is longer than it is wide?
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Which bone shape is specifically noted for having a relatively thin and flattened shape?
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Which terminology refers to a hole in a bone?
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Which classification includes bones such as the vertebrae and facial bones that do not fit into other bone shape categories?
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What is the function of calcitonin in the body?
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What is the primary function of the auditory ossicles?
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Which bone is located in the midline of the nasal cavity and forms part of the nasal septum?
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Which of the following bones is not part of the skull?
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How many principal sutures connect the cranial bones?
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Which bone forms the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and is also part of the hard palate?
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What is the unique characteristic of the hyoid bone compared to other bones in the body?
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Which of the following bones forms the floor of the cranium?
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What does the cervical region of the vertebral column do?
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What is the initial process that takes place during the formation of the primary ossification center?
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How does bone increase in width?
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What primarily drives the growth in length of a bone?
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What sequence occurs during bone repair after a fracture?
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Which of the following is a role of osteoclasts during bone remodeling?
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Which hormones are primarily involved in maintaining calcium homeostasis in the body?
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What is a significant consequence of successful bone remodeling?
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What primarily occurs to the cartilage matrix during lengthening of bones?
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Which vertebrae support the head and allow for its rotation?
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What is the primary function of the vertebral column?
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How are the true ribs classified in relation to the sternum?
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Which joint classification is characterized by being non-movable?
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Which component is part of the pectoral girdle?
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What type of joint is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity?
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Which of the following bones is part of the lower limb?
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Which type of joint classification allows for slight movement?
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Study Notes
Components of Skeletal System
- Composed of bones, cartilages, tendons, and ligaments.
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Provides body support and structure.
- Protects vital organs.
- Facilitates body movement.
- Acts as a reservoir for mineral storage.
- Responsible for blood cell production.
Bone Histology
- Bone and cartilage are connective tissues characterized by their extracellular matrix.
- Contains collagen, ground substance, and water with minerals.
- Collagen offers flexibility and withstands tension/compression.
- Cartilage ground substance includes proteoglycans for resilience and smoothness.
- Tendons and ligaments have abundant collagen fibers for added strength.
Bone Matrix
- Bone matrix consists of approximately 35% organic material (mainly collagen) and 65% inorganic material (primarily hydroxyapatite).
- Collagen provides flexible strength; minerals contribute to weight-bearing capacity.
Bone Cells
- Osteoblasts: Cells that form new bone and repair existing bone; responsible for ossification.
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that maintain matrix; account for 90-95% of bone cells; reside in lacunae and communicate via canaliculi.
- Osteoclasts: Cells that break down bone (bone reabsorption); essential for releasing calcium into the bloodstream.
Bone Growth
- Width: Occurs through appositional growth, adding new lamellae to existing bone.
- Length: Achieved at the epiphyseal plate through endochondral ossification, with chondrocytes proliferating and then replaced by osteoblasts.
Bone Remodeling
- Involves osteoclast-mediated removal and osteoblast-mediated deposition of bone; crucial for adapting to stress and regulating calcium ion levels.
Bone Repair Process
- Begins with hematoma formation from broken bone.
- A callus forms connecting bone fragments, followed by woven spongy bone replacement.
- Compact bone later replaces spongy bone.
Calcium Homeostasis
- Calcium plays a vital role in muscle contraction and neural signaling.
- Bone serves as the primary calcium reservoir; its mobilization is regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases osteoclast activity and enhances intestinal calcium absorption.
- Calcitonin lowers elevated blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.
Skeletal Anatomy Overview
- Average adult skeleton contains 206 bones, categorized into axial and appendicular skeletons.
- Axial Skeleton: Comprises skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
- Appendicular Skeleton: Consists of upper/lower limb bones and girdles.
Bone Shapes
- Classified into long, short, flat, and irregular shapes; each has unique examples specific to their classification.
Axial Skeleton
- Composed of 22 skull bones (8 cranial and 14 facial).
- Cranial bones protect the brain and are fused by immovable joints (sutures): coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous.
Major Cranial Bones
- Frontal Bone: Forehead region.
- Parietal Bones: Sides and roof of the cranium.
- Occipital Bone: Back of the skull.
- Temporal Bones: Located below parietal bones; house the temporomandibular joint.
- Sphenoid Bone: Forms part of the cranium's floor and eye orbits.
- Ethmoid Bone: Contributes to the nasal cavity and eye orbits.
Facial Bones
- Maxillae: Upper jaw and hard palate.
- Palatine Bones: Posterior hard palate.
- Zygomatic Bones: Cheekbones.
- Mandible: Only movable skull bone.
Paranasal Sinuses
- Include frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary sinuses; reduce skull weight and enhance resonance.
Vertebral Column
- Central skeletal axis with 26 bones segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.
- Major functions: support body weight, protect spinal cord, site for muscle attachment.
Thoracic Cage
- Composed of 12 pairs of ribs and sternum, protects vital organs.
- Rib Types: True ribs (direct attachment), false ribs (indirect), and floating ribs (no attachment).
Pectoral Girdle
- Contains scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collar bone); connects upper limbs to the body.
Lower Limb Bones
- Include femur (thigh), tibia (larger leg bone), fibula (smaller leg bone), along with foot's tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Articulations (Joints)
- Classified structurally (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and functionally (synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses).
- Synovial Joints: Surrounded by fluid-filled cavities, allowing for greater mobility.
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Description
Explore the essential components and functions of the skeletal system in this Chapter 6 quiz. Test your knowledge on bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and their roles in body support and movement. Delve into aspects like mineral storage and blood cell production.
