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Questions and Answers
Which of the following cranial nerves is classified as a mixed nerve?
Which of the following cranial nerves is classified as a mixed nerve?
- Optic nerve (II)
- Olfactory nerve (I)
- Abducens nerve (VI)
- Vagus nerve (X) (correct)
Which of the following cranial nerves relays information regarding hearing, motion and balance?
Which of the following cranial nerves relays information regarding hearing, motion and balance?
- Optic nerve (II)
- Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (correct)
- Accessory nerve (XI)
- Olfactory nerve (I)
Which of the following cranial nerves innervates the tongue musculature?
Which of the following cranial nerves innervates the tongue musculature?
- Trigeminal nerve (V)
- Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
- Hypoglossal nerve (XII) (correct)
- Facial nerve (VII)
After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe.
After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe.
Which of these is not a property of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which of these is not a property of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
The largest component of the diencephalon is the?
The largest component of the diencephalon is the?
Which of these is not a property of the limbic system?
Which of these is not a property of the limbic system?
Which electroencephalogram (EEG) waveform is characteristic of a resting, healthy adult?
Which electroencephalogram (EEG) waveform is characteristic of a resting, healthy adult?
A person with a damaged visual association area may be?
A person with a damaged visual association area may be?
Which of these statements about the medulla oblongata is true?
Which of these statements about the medulla oblongata is true?
Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the?
Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the?
In the adult brain, which is the largest region?
In the adult brain, which is the largest region?
The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the?
The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the?
Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the?
Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the?
Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the?
Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the?
A neural cortex is found on the surface of the?
A neural cortex is found on the surface of the?
The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
The thin partition that separates the first and second ventricles is the?
The thin partition that separates the first and second ventricles is the?
The CSF leaves the CNS and enters the circulation at the?
The CSF leaves the CNS and enters the circulation at the?
The CSF circulates within the?
The CSF circulates within the?
Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.
Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.
Which of the following is a property of the blood-brain barrier?
Which of the following is a property of the blood-brain barrier?
Cerebrospinal fluid?
Cerebrospinal fluid?
What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows?
What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows?
The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the?
The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the?
The respiratory rhythmicity center is located in the?
The respiratory rhythmicity center is located in the?
The cardiovascular reflexes are based in the?
The cardiovascular reflexes are based in the?
Making rapid postural adjustments is a major function of the?
Making rapid postural adjustments is a major function of the?
The huge, highly branched neurons known as Purkinje cells are found in the?
The huge, highly branched neurons known as Purkinje cells are found in the?
The cerebellum?
The cerebellum?
The white matter of the cerebellum forms the?
The white matter of the cerebellum forms the?
Injury to this center in the mesencephalon may lead to Parkinson's disease.
Injury to this center in the mesencephalon may lead to Parkinson's disease.
Stimulation of the reticular formation results in?
Stimulation of the reticular formation results in?
Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with?
Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with?
Which structure connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
Which structure connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
Which structure secretes the hormone melatonin?
Which structure secretes the hormone melatonin?
Which of the following structures is part of the limbic system?
Which of the following structures is part of the limbic system?
Which of the following is a function of the diencephalon?
Which of the following is a function of the diencephalon?
Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?
Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?
The optic tracts carry visual information from the retina to the?
The optic tracts carry visual information from the retina to the?
The ________ relay auditory information to the auditory cortex.
The ________ relay auditory information to the auditory cortex.
Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located?
Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located?
Ependymal cells work to?
Ependymal cells work to?
The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the?
The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the?
The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by the?
The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by the?
Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of?
Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of?
Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are?
Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are?
The corpus callosum is composed of?
The corpus callosum is composed of?
The visual cortex is located in the?
The visual cortex is located in the?
The auditory cortex is located in the?
The auditory cortex is located in the?
Parkinson's disease is the result of?
Parkinson's disease is the result of?
After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the?
After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the?
The general interpretive area?
The general interpretive area?
The highest levels of information processing occur in the?
The highest levels of information processing occur in the?
________ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as speech.
________ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as speech.
Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his?
Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his?
________ is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal movements, unusual sensations, and/or inappropriate behavior.
________ is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal movements, unusual sensations, and/or inappropriate behavior.
________ is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read.
________ is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read.
The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is?
The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is?
Gustatory information reaches the brain by way of?
Gustatory information reaches the brain by way of?
________ is a condition resulting from inflammation of a facial nerve.
________ is a condition resulting from inflammation of a facial nerve.
There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.
There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.
Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry?
Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry?
Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?
Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?
The tympanic reflex?
The tympanic reflex?
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Study Notes
Cranial Nerves
- The vagus nerve (X) is a mixed nerve, meaning it has both sensory and motor functions.
- The vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) is responsible for relaying information related to hearing, motion, and balance.
- The hypoglossal nerve (XII) innervates the musculature of the tongue.
Brain Anatomy and Function
- Damage to the left frontal lobe can impair motor control of the right arm, as seen in stroke patients.
- The thalamus is the largest component of the diencephalon and plays a key role in processing and relaying sensory information to the cerebrum.
- The medulla oblongata contains centers for respiration and autonomic functions like heart rate and blood pressure control.
- The largest region of the adult brain is the cerebrum.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- CSF is secreted by ependymal cells and circulates in the subarachnoid space.
- It exits the CNS at the arachnoid granulations and is produced in the choroid plexus.
- CSF properties include maintaining the brain’s environment and providing cushioning.
Limbic System and Related Structures
- The limbic system does not regulate body temperature, which is a function of the hypothalamus.
- The fornix is a structure within the limbic system that plays a role in memory and emotion.
- The hypothalamus serves as the primary link between the nervous and endocrine systems, producing hormones like ADH and oxytocin.
Cerebellum and Motor Function
- The cerebellum is essential for coordinating movements and making rapid postural adjustments.
- Purkinje cells, located in the cerebellar cortex, are highly branched neurons integral to motor control.
- The white matter of the cerebellum is known as the arbor vitae.
Neurotransmission and Disorders
- Parkinson's disease results from inadequate dopamine production by neurons in the substantia nigra.
- Symptoms of damage to the general interpretive area include the inability to understand complex verbal communication.
- Aphasia refers to difficulties in speaking or reading, affecting language comprehension and production.
Vision and Auditory Processing
- The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe, and the auditory cortex is in the temporal lobe.
- The optic tracts relay visual information to the lateral geniculates, while auditory information is sent to the medial geniculates.
Cranial Nerve Functions
- The vestibulocochlear nerve carries sensations related to hearing and equilibrium.
- Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves are associated with swallowing; damage can lead to difficulties in this function.
Miscellaneous Key Facts
- There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves in total.
- CSF flows through a network within the subarachnoid space, providing a protective environment for the brain and spinal cord.
- Bell's palsy is a condition resulting from facial nerve inflammation, affecting facial muscle control.
Integration and Information Processing
- Integrative centers in the brain process information from multiple association areas to coordinate complex motor activities such as speech and movement.
- The highest levels of information processing occur in the cerebrum, facilitating advanced cognitive functions.
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