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Questions and Answers
Which pathways compose the autonomic nervous system?
Which pathways compose the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine?
Which of the following releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine?
Which of the following is a way in which the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are similar?
Which of the following is a way in which the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are similar?
Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation?
Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation?
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Which reflex requires gamma motor neurons to set the length of the muscle?
Which reflex requires gamma motor neurons to set the length of the muscle?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Which of the following is NOT associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
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Outflow of the sympathetic division occurs from which regions of the CNS?
Outflow of the sympathetic division occurs from which regions of the CNS?
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Which of the letters in the figure indicates the vagus nerve?
Which of the letters in the figure indicates the vagus nerve?
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The group of fibers indicated by E represents which of the following?
The group of fibers indicated by E represents which of the following?
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Which of the following statements is true of the group of fibers indicated by the letter D?
Which of the following statements is true of the group of fibers indicated by the letter D?
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Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
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Which division of the nervous system has long preganglionic neurons?
Which division of the nervous system has long preganglionic neurons?
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What differentiates an autonomic reflex from a somatic reflex?
What differentiates an autonomic reflex from a somatic reflex?
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The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division.
The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division.
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Which plexus does NOT receive innervation from the vagus nerve?
Which plexus does NOT receive innervation from the vagus nerve?
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Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, which of the following is NOT one of the three possible outcomes?
Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, which of the following is NOT one of the three possible outcomes?
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Which target organ is NOT affected by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Which target organ is NOT affected by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
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Which of the following adrenergic neurotransmitter receptors plays the major role in heart activity?
Which of the following adrenergic neurotransmitter receptors plays the major role in heart activity?
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Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ______.
Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ______.
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Raynaud's disease ______.
Raynaud's disease ______.
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System Overview
- Composed of two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
- Utilizes a two-neuron chain from the central nervous system (CNS) to effector organs, involving pre- and postganglionic neurons.
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
- Norepinephrine is released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons, primarily in the sympathetic division.
Comparisons Between Nervous Systems
- Somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ significantly; no common pathways or similar target organ responses exist.
Parasympathetic Division Functions
- Often referred to as the "rest and digest" system, promoting energy conservation and vital housekeeping activities such as digestion.
Reflex Arcs
- In the stretch reflex, gamma motor neurons adjust the length of muscle fibers, signaling intrafusal muscle fibers to maintain muscle tone.
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Actions
- Emergency actions are solely associated with the sympathetic division, which activates during "fight-or-flight" scenarios.
CNS Regions Involved
- Sympathetic outflow originates from thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord (T1 to L2).
- The hypothalamus serves as the integrator for overall ANS activity.
Characteristics of Preganglionic Neurons
- Parasympathetic division features long preganglionic and short postganglionic neurons, in contrast to the shorter preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division.
Autonomic Reflex Distinctions
- Autonomic reflex arcs comprise a two-neuron motor pathway, unlike somatic reflex arcs, which involve a single motor neuron.
Craniosacral Division
- Another name for the parasympathetic division, emphasizing its origin.
Innervation and Plexuses
- The inferior hypogastric plexus does not receive innervation from the vagus nerve but does receive fibers from pelvic splanchnic nerves.
Preganglionic Axon Pathways
- Upon reaching a trunk ganglion, preganglionic axons can: synapse in the same ganglion, pass through without synapsing, or ascend/descend to another ganglion, but they cannot return to the spinal cord.
Target Organs of ANS
- The adrenal medulla is not directly affected by the parasympathetic division; it is stimulated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers.
Adrenergic Receptors
- The beta 1 adrenergic receptor is crucial for regulating heart activity, enhancing cardiac function.
Influence of Emotions
- Emotional responses are processed primarily through the hypothalamus, linking psychological states with autonomic reactions.
Raynaud's Disease
- A condition characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in extremities, which may lead to episodes of color change and discomfort, commonly triggered by cold or stress.
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Test your knowledge on Chapter 14 of Anatomy and Physiology with these flashcards. Focus on the autonomic nervous system pathways and neurotransmitter functions. Perfect for homework or revision!
