Questions and Answers
Which pathways compose the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine?
Which of the following is a way in which the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are similar?
Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation?
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Which reflex requires gamma motor neurons to set the length of the muscle?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
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Outflow of the sympathetic division occurs from which regions of the CNS?
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Which of the letters in the figure indicates the vagus nerve?
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The group of fibers indicated by E represents which of the following?
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Which of the following statements is true of the group of fibers indicated by the letter D?
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Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
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Which division of the nervous system has long preganglionic neurons?
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What differentiates an autonomic reflex from a somatic reflex?
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The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division.
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Which plexus does NOT receive innervation from the vagus nerve?
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Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, which of the following is NOT one of the three possible outcomes?
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Which target organ is NOT affected by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
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Which of the following adrenergic neurotransmitter receptors plays the major role in heart activity?
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Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ______.
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Raynaud's disease ______.
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System Overview
- Composed of two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
- Utilizes a two-neuron chain from the central nervous system (CNS) to effector organs, involving pre- and postganglionic neurons.
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
- Norepinephrine is released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons, primarily in the sympathetic division.
Comparisons Between Nervous Systems
- Somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ significantly; no common pathways or similar target organ responses exist.
Parasympathetic Division Functions
- Often referred to as the "rest and digest" system, promoting energy conservation and vital housekeeping activities such as digestion.
Reflex Arcs
- In the stretch reflex, gamma motor neurons adjust the length of muscle fibers, signaling intrafusal muscle fibers to maintain muscle tone.
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Actions
- Emergency actions are solely associated with the sympathetic division, which activates during "fight-or-flight" scenarios.
CNS Regions Involved
- Sympathetic outflow originates from thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord (T1 to L2).
- The hypothalamus serves as the integrator for overall ANS activity.
Characteristics of Preganglionic Neurons
- Parasympathetic division features long preganglionic and short postganglionic neurons, in contrast to the shorter preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division.
Autonomic Reflex Distinctions
- Autonomic reflex arcs comprise a two-neuron motor pathway, unlike somatic reflex arcs, which involve a single motor neuron.
Craniosacral Division
- Another name for the parasympathetic division, emphasizing its origin.
Innervation and Plexuses
- The inferior hypogastric plexus does not receive innervation from the vagus nerve but does receive fibers from pelvic splanchnic nerves.
Preganglionic Axon Pathways
- Upon reaching a trunk ganglion, preganglionic axons can: synapse in the same ganglion, pass through without synapsing, or ascend/descend to another ganglion, but they cannot return to the spinal cord.
Target Organs of ANS
- The adrenal medulla is not directly affected by the parasympathetic division; it is stimulated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers.
Adrenergic Receptors
- The beta 1 adrenergic receptor is crucial for regulating heart activity, enhancing cardiac function.
Influence of Emotions
- Emotional responses are processed primarily through the hypothalamus, linking psychological states with autonomic reactions.
Raynaud's Disease
- A condition characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in extremities, which may lead to episodes of color change and discomfort, commonly triggered by cold or stress.
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Test your knowledge on Chapter 14 of Anatomy and Physiology with these flashcards. Focus on the autonomic nervous system pathways and neurotransmitter functions. Perfect for homework or revision!
