Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What does ultrastructure refer to?

  • The study of organs and systems
  • The structure visible to the naked eye
  • The overall anatomy of an organism
  • Fine detail down to the molecular level revealed by the electron microscope (correct)

    • What is histopathology?

  • Study of the structure of tissues and organs
  • Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease (correct)
  • The act of dissecting animals
  • Study of the function of living organisms

    • What is the study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs called?

    Histology

    What does auscultation involve?

    <p>Listening to organ sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is palpation used for?

    <p>To examine by touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does comparative anatomy study?

    <p>The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cadaver?

    <p>Dead body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dissection?

    <p>The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is percussion used for?

    <p>Tapping a part of the body for diagnostic purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does physiology study?

    <p>Study of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inspection in anatomy?

    <p>The act of examining or reviewing by look</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anatomy?

    <p>Study of structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does comparative physiology study?

    <p>The study of how different species have solved problems of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is radiology concerned with?

    <p>Branch of medicine concerned with imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cytology study?

    <p>Study of structure and function of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gross anatomy?

    <p>Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is medical imaging?

    <p>Development of techniques for looking into the body without surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is exploratory surgery?

    <p>Opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the Father of Medicine?

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology?

    <p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Claudius Galen?

    <p>Physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Andreas Vesalius?

    <p>Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who described the circulation of the blood?

    <p>William Harvey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered cells and designed the compound microscope?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who made the first simple microscope?

    <p>Anton van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who concluded that all plants are made of cells?

    <p>Matthias Schleiden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who concluded that all animals are made of cells?

    <p>Theodor Schwann</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific method?

    <p>A series of steps followed to solve problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 7 steps of the scientific method?

    <p>State the problem, gather information, hypothesis, experiment, record and analyze data, conclusion, repeat the work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inductive method?

    <p>A process of making numerous observations to draw generalizations and predictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is most physiological knowledge obtained?

    <p>The hypothetico-deductive method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypothesis?

    <p>An educated guess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is falsifiability?

    <p>The ability to specify evidence that would prove a claim wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sample size?

    <p>The number of subjects used in an experiment or study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a control group?

    <p>The group that does not receive the experimental treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment group?

    <p>The group that receives the treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are psychosomatic effects?

    <p>Effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a placebo?

    <p>A fake drug used in the testing of medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is experimenter bias?

    <p>Occurs when a researcher's expectations influence study outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the double-blind method?

    <p>Neither the subject nor experimenter knows which group is the control group or receiving treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does statistical testing provide?

    <p>Statement of probability that treatment was effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is peer review?

    <p>Evaluation of scientific work by others in the same field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 3 examples of statistical testing?

    <p>Chi-square test, t-test, analysis of variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When and why is a research project submitted to peer review?

    <p>Prior to funding or publication, for verification and repeatability of results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a scientific fact?

    <p>Information that can be independently verified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Law of Nature?

    <p>A generalization about predictable ways in which matter and energy behave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a theory in scientific terms?

    <p>An explanatory statement derived from facts and confirmed hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Charles Darwin?

    <p>English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is natural selection?

    <p>A process where individuals with certain traits survive and reproduce at higher rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is selection pressure?

    <p>Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adaptation?

    <p>A characteristic that improves survival and reproduction in an environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is evolution?

    <p>A change in the genetic composition of a population over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does arboreal relate to?

    <p>Relating to trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prehensile mean?

    <p>Capable of grasping or seizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stereoscopic vision?

    <p>The ability to determine an object's depth based on its projections to each eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural hierarchy of the body?

    <p>Organism, Organ System, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Macromolecules, Molecules, Atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an organism?

    <p>An individual living thing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an organ system?

    <p>Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an organ?

    <p>A structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tissue?

    <p>A mass of similar cells that performs a specific function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cells?

    <p>The smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all basic functions of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are organelles?

    <p>Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a molecule?

    <p>Smallest unit of most compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are atoms?

    <p>Smallest particle with unique chemical identities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What properties distinguish life?

    <p>Organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness and movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is negative feedback?

    <p>A process where the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to negate it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is homeostasis?

    <p>The body's tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a receptor?

    <p>Structure that senses change in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an integrating center?

    <p>Processes information and makes a decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effector?

    <p>A cell or organ that responds to commands from the control center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feedback loop?

    <p>Occurs when an output is fed back into the system as an input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cell theory?

    <p>Idea that all living things are composed of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is positive feedback?

    <p>Self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to greater change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a gradient?

    <p>A difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some variables in physiological variation?

    <p>Sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, genetics and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Terms in Anatomy & Physiology

    • Ultrastructure: Fine details at the molecular level observed through an electron microscope.
    • Histopathology: Microscopic analysis of tissues to identify signs of disease.
    • Histology: Study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs.
    • Auscultation: Technique for listening to organ sounds for diagnostic purposes.
    • Palpation: Examination method involving touch to assess bodily conditions.
    • Comparative Anatomy: Analyzes anatomical similarities and differences across species.
    • Cadaver: A deceased body used for anatomical study.
    • Dissection: Methodical cutting of structures to explore their relationships.
    • Percussion: Diagnostic tapping of body parts to elicit sounds related to underlying structures.
    • Physiology: The study of how biological systems function.

    Basic Examination Techniques

    • Inspection: Visual examination to assess conditions or abnormalities.
    • Comparative Physiology: Studies how different species address life-sustaining challenges like respiration and reproduction.
    • Radiology: Medical field focused on imaging techniques for diagnosing conditions.
    • Cytology: Examination and analysis of cells' structure and function.
    • Gross Anatomy: Focuses on structures observable without magnification.

    Historical Figures in Medicine

    • Hippocrates: Known as the Father of Medicine, contributed foundational concepts to medical ethics.
    • Aristotle: One of the first thinkers to document anatomy and physiology extensively.
    • Claudius Galen: Roman physician whose medical texts greatly influenced the field for centuries.
    • Andreas Vesalius: Pioneer in human anatomy, known for integrating dissection into anatomical study.
    • William Harvey: Discovered the circulation of blood, shaping modern cardiovascular physiology.
    • Robert Hooke: Renowned for discovering cells and contributing to microscope development.
    • Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Creator of the first simple microscope, advancing microscopic study.
    • Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann: Established that all living organisms are composed of cells.

    Research Methodology

    • Scientific Method: Problem-solving approach involving data collection, hypothesis formation, testing, and concluding.
    • Hypothetico-Deductive Method: Predominant method for acquiring physiological knowledge.
    • Inductive Method: Generalizations derived from extensive observations.
    • Sample Size: Larger samples yield more reliable experimental results.
    • Control Group: Group without experimental treatment, used for comparison.
    • Treatment Group: Receives the experimental intervention.

    Key Concepts in Experimental Design

    • Placebo: An inactive substance used as a control in clinical trials.
    • Double-Blind Method: Neither subjects nor researchers know group assignments, reducing bias.
    • Peer Review: Critical evaluation of research by experts in the field for quality assurance.
    • Falsifiability: A scientific claim must allow for evidence that can prove it wrong.
    • Statistical Testing: Evaluates the effectiveness of treatments using probability assessments.

    Biological Principles

    • Life Properties: Include organization, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution.
    • Homeostasis: Mechanisms that maintain stable internal conditions.
    • Feedback Loop: Interactions between systems that affect responses and adjustments.
    • Negative Feedback: Mechanisms that counteract changes to restore balance.
    • Positive Feedback: Enhances changes to accelerate physiological processes.

    Evolutionary Concepts

    • Natural Selection: Process where individuals with advantageous traits increase their reproductive success.
    • Adaptation: Traits that enhance survival and reproduction in specific environments.
    • Gradient: Differences in concentration or energy that drive movement from high to low.

    Structural Hierarchy of the Body

    • Organism: Individual living entity.
    • Organ System: Group of organs working together for a common function.
    • Organ: Complex structures made from multiple tissue types serving specific functions.
    • Tissue: Combination of similar cells working on a specific task.
    • Cells: Basic units of life capable of performing all life processes.
    • Organelles: Specialized structures within cells that carry out distinct functions.
    • Molecules and Atoms: Basic building blocks of matter; molecules are combinations of atoms.

    Physiological Variation

    • Factors Impacting Variation: Include sex, age, weight, diet, genetics, and environmental influences.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Chapter 1 of Anatomy & Physiology. Understand important definitions like ultrastructure, histopathology, histology, and auscultation as you prepare for your studies.

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