Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What does ultrastructure refer to?

The study of organs and systems

The structure visible to the naked eye

The overall anatomy of an organism

Fine detail down to the molecular level revealed by the electron microscope (correct)

What is histopathology?

Study of the structure of tissues and organs

Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease (correct)

The act of dissecting animals

Study of the function of living organisms

What is the study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs called?

Histology

What does auscultation involve?

Listening to organ sounds Signup and view all the answers

What is palpation used for?

To examine by touch Signup and view all the answers

What does comparative anatomy study?

The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species Signup and view all the answers

What is a cadaver?

Dead body Signup and view all the answers

What is dissection?

The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is percussion used for?

Tapping a part of the body for diagnostic purposes Signup and view all the answers

What does physiology study?

Study of function Signup and view all the answers

What is inspection in anatomy?

The act of examining or reviewing by look Signup and view all the answers

What is anatomy?

Study of structure Signup and view all the answers

What does comparative physiology study?

The study of how different species have solved problems of life Signup and view all the answers

What is radiology concerned with?

Branch of medicine concerned with imaging Signup and view all the answers

What does cytology study?

Study of structure and function of cells Signup and view all the answers

What is gross anatomy?

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye Signup and view all the answers

What is medical imaging?

Development of techniques for looking into the body without surgery Signup and view all the answers

What is exploratory surgery?

Opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the Father of Medicine?

Hippocrates Signup and view all the answers

Who was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology?

Aristotle Signup and view all the answers

Who was Claudius Galen?

Physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era Signup and view all the answers

Who was Andreas Vesalius?

Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy Signup and view all the answers

Who described the circulation of the blood?

William Harvey Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered cells and designed the compound microscope?

Robert Hooke Signup and view all the answers

Who made the first simple microscope?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek Signup and view all the answers

Who concluded that all plants are made of cells?

Matthias Schleiden Signup and view all the answers

Who concluded that all animals are made of cells?

Theodor Schwann Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific method?

A series of steps followed to solve problems Signup and view all the answers

What are the 7 steps of the scientific method?

State the problem, gather information, hypothesis, experiment, record and analyze data, conclusion, repeat the work Signup and view all the answers

What is the inductive method?

A process of making numerous observations to draw generalizations and predictions Signup and view all the answers

How is most physiological knowledge obtained?

The hypothetico-deductive method Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis?

An educated guess Signup and view all the answers

What is falsifiability?

The ability to specify evidence that would prove a claim wrong Signup and view all the answers

What is sample size?

The number of subjects used in an experiment or study Signup and view all the answers

What is a control group?

The group that does not receive the experimental treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is a treatment group?

The group that receives the treatment Signup and view all the answers

What are psychosomatic effects?

Effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology Signup and view all the answers

What is a placebo?

A fake drug used in the testing of medication Signup and view all the answers

What is experimenter bias?

Occurs when a researcher's expectations influence study outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the double-blind method?

Neither the subject nor experimenter knows which group is the control group or receiving treatment Signup and view all the answers

What does statistical testing provide?

Statement of probability that treatment was effective Signup and view all the answers

What is peer review?

Evaluation of scientific work by others in the same field Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 examples of statistical testing?

Chi-square test, t-test, analysis of variance Signup and view all the answers

When and why is a research project submitted to peer review?

Prior to funding or publication, for verification and repeatability of results Signup and view all the answers

What is a scientific fact?

Information that can be independently verified Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Nature?

A generalization about predictable ways in which matter and energy behave Signup and view all the answers

What is a theory in scientific terms?

An explanatory statement derived from facts and confirmed hypotheses Signup and view all the answers

Who was Charles Darwin?

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What is natural selection?

A process where individuals with certain traits survive and reproduce at higher rates Signup and view all the answers

What is selection pressure?

Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is adaptation?

A characteristic that improves survival and reproduction in an environment Signup and view all the answers

What is evolution?

A change in the genetic composition of a population over time Signup and view all the answers

What does arboreal relate to?

Relating to trees Signup and view all the answers

What does prehensile mean?

Capable of grasping or seizing Signup and view all the answers

What is stereoscopic vision?

The ability to determine an object's depth based on its projections to each eye Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural hierarchy of the body?

Organism, Organ System, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Macromolecules, Molecules, Atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is an organism?

An individual living thing Signup and view all the answers

What is an organ system?

Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function Signup and view all the answers

What is an organ?

A structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function Signup and view all the answers

What is tissue?

A mass of similar cells that performs a specific function Signup and view all the answers

What are cells?

The smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all basic functions of life Signup and view all the answers

What are organelles?

Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions Signup and view all the answers

What is a molecule?

Smallest unit of most compounds Signup and view all the answers

What are atoms?

Smallest particle with unique chemical identities Signup and view all the answers

What properties distinguish life?

Organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness and movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution Signup and view all the answers

What is negative feedback?

A process where the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to negate it Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

The body's tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptor?

Structure that senses change in the body Signup and view all the answers

What is an integrating center?

Processes information and makes a decision Signup and view all the answers

What is an effector?

A cell or organ that responds to commands from the control center Signup and view all the answers

What is a feedback loop?

Occurs when an output is fed back into the system as an input Signup and view all the answers

What is cell theory?

Idea that all living things are composed of cells Signup and view all the answers

What is positive feedback?

Self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to greater change Signup and view all the answers

What is a gradient?

A difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure Signup and view all the answers

What are some variables in physiological variation?

Sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, genetics and environment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Terms in Anatomy & Physiology

Ultrastructure: Fine details at the molecular level observed through an electron microscope.
Histopathology: Microscopic analysis of tissues to identify signs of disease.
Histology: Study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs.
Auscultation: Technique for listening to organ sounds for diagnostic purposes.
Palpation: Examination method involving touch to assess bodily conditions.
Comparative Anatomy: Analyzes anatomical similarities and differences across species.
Cadaver: A deceased body used for anatomical study.
Dissection: Methodical cutting of structures to explore their relationships.
Percussion: Diagnostic tapping of body parts to elicit sounds related to underlying structures.
Physiology: The study of how biological systems function.

Basic Examination Techniques

Inspection: Visual examination to assess conditions or abnormalities.
Comparative Physiology: Studies how different species address life-sustaining challenges like respiration and reproduction.
Radiology: Medical field focused on imaging techniques for diagnosing conditions.
Cytology: Examination and analysis of cells' structure and function.
Gross Anatomy: Focuses on structures observable without magnification.

Historical Figures in Medicine

Hippocrates: Known as the Father of Medicine, contributed foundational concepts to medical ethics.
Aristotle: One of the first thinkers to document anatomy and physiology extensively.
Claudius Galen: Roman physician whose medical texts greatly influenced the field for centuries.
Andreas Vesalius: Pioneer in human anatomy, known for integrating dissection into anatomical study.
William Harvey: Discovered the circulation of blood, shaping modern cardiovascular physiology.
Robert Hooke: Renowned for discovering cells and contributing to microscope development.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Creator of the first simple microscope, advancing microscopic study.
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann: Established that all living organisms are composed of cells.

Research Methodology

Scientific Method: Problem-solving approach involving data collection, hypothesis formation, testing, and concluding.
Hypothetico-Deductive Method: Predominant method for acquiring physiological knowledge.
Inductive Method: Generalizations derived from extensive observations.
Sample Size: Larger samples yield more reliable experimental results.
Control Group: Group without experimental treatment, used for comparison.
Treatment Group: Receives the experimental intervention.

Key Concepts in Experimental Design

Placebo: An inactive substance used as a control in clinical trials.
Double-Blind Method: Neither subjects nor researchers know group assignments, reducing bias.
Peer Review: Critical evaluation of research by experts in the field for quality assurance.
Falsifiability: A scientific claim must allow for evidence that can prove it wrong.
Statistical Testing: Evaluates the effectiveness of treatments using probability assessments.

Biological Principles

Life Properties: Include organization, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution.
Homeostasis: Mechanisms that maintain stable internal conditions.
Feedback Loop: Interactions between systems that affect responses and adjustments.
Negative Feedback: Mechanisms that counteract changes to restore balance.
Positive Feedback: Enhances changes to accelerate physiological processes.

Evolutionary Concepts

Natural Selection: Process where individuals with advantageous traits increase their reproductive success.
Adaptation: Traits that enhance survival and reproduction in specific environments.
Gradient: Differences in concentration or energy that drive movement from high to low.

Structural Hierarchy of the Body

Organism: Individual living entity.
Organ System: Group of organs working together for a common function.
Organ: Complex structures made from multiple tissue types serving specific functions.
Tissue: Combination of similar cells working on a specific task.
Cells: Basic units of life capable of performing all life processes.
Organelles: Specialized structures within cells that carry out distinct functions.
Molecules and Atoms: Basic building blocks of matter; molecules are combinations of atoms.

Physiological Variation

Factors Impacting Variation: Include sex, age, weight, diet, genetics, and environmental influences.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Chapter 1 of Anatomy & Physiology. Understand important definitions like ultrastructure, histopathology, histology, and auscultation as you prepare for your studies.