Anatomy: Osteology and Arthrology

Anatomy Requirements

• The slides illustrate the anatomy for which you are responsible.
• If the slide has red boxes, you are only responsible for the material within those boxes.

Unit One – Osteology and Arthrology

• Axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
• Appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb.

Vertebral Column

• 7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) form the cervical curve.
• 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) form the thoracic curve.
• 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) form the lumbar curve.
• Fused vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx form the sacrococcygeal curve.

Bone Types

• Flat bones include the sternum.
• Irregular bones include vertebra.
• Long bones include the femur.
• Sesamoid bones include the patella.
• Short bones include lateral, intermediate, and medial cuneiforms.

Skull

• Parietal, frontal, temporal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, and occipital bones are key skull features.

Radius and Ulna

• Key features of the radius include the head, neck, radial tuberosity, and styloid process and the ulna features include the olecranon process, trochlear notch and styloid process.

Scapula

• Key features of the scapula: acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity, suprascapular notch, superior border, superior angle, supraspinous fossa, spine, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa, inferior angle, and lateral border.

Humerus

• Key features of the humerus include: greater tubercle, anatomical neck, head, surgical neck, lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove, deltoid tuberosity, body (shaft), lateral supracondylar ridge, radial fossa, coronoid fossa, capitulum, head of radius, olecranon fossa, coronoid process of ulna, medial epicondyle, and trochlea.

Hand Anatomy

• Carpal bones in the wrist
• Metacarpals in the palm
• Phalanges in the fingers

Pelvic girdle

• Ilium, pubis, and ischium are key features
• Iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, iliac fossa, acetabulum, obturator foramen, ischial tuberosity, pubic symphysis

Femur

• Head, neck, greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line and crest, lesser trochanter, body shaft, linea aspera, adductor tubercle, lateral epicondyle and condyle, medial epicondyle condyle, and patella articulate to form the knee.

Tibia and Fibula

• Key features of the tibia include lateral and medial condyles, tibial tuberosity, anterior border, medial malleolus, and articular surface
• Key features of the fibula include the head and lateral malleolus.

Foot and Ankle

• Key features of the foot: Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Bone Anatomy

• Articular cartilage is the hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis.
• Proximal and distal epiphysis are the expanded ends of long bones.
• Metaphysis is the region between the diaphysis and epiphysis.
• Diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone
• The medullary cavity, or marrow cavity, is inside the diaphysis.
• Spongy and compact bone and endosteum, periosteum, nutrient artery, yellow bone marrow, red bone marrow are key component
• Compact bone is the dense outer layer of bone.
• Spongy bone is the inner, honeycomb-like bone tissue.
• Endosteum is the lining of the medullary cavity.
• Periosteum is the outer covering of bone.
• The nutrient artery supplies the diaphysis with blood

Adult vs Fetal Skull

• Key features of the adult and fetal skulls: Parietal bone, frontal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone (squamous portion), anterior and posterior fontanelles, and sphenoidal and mastoid fontanelles.

Unit Two – Anatomy of the Torso

Thoracic Cavity

• Trachea, esophagus, right and left lungs are key organs
• Diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
• The heart is located in the pericardial cavity.

Organ Systems

• Digestive System: processes food for use, removes waste from undigested food, and includes the esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, and small intestine.
• Urinary System: controls water balance, removes wastes from blood and excretes them include the kidneys, ureter, and urinary bladder.
• Endocrine System: secretes hormones and regulates processes, including the pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries.
• Lymphatic System: returns fluids to the blood and defends against pathogens includes the thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen.

Central Nervous System

• Major components are the brain, spinal cord, and vertebral column

CardioRespiratory Anatomy

• The aorta is a major artery.
• The pulmonary trunk carries blood to the lungs.

Lab Seven – Arthrology

Knee Joint

• Key features: Femur, tibia, patella, quadriceps femoris tendon, and patellar tendon

• Menisci (medial and lateral) provide cushion and stability

• Cruciate ligaments provide anterior-posterior, medial-lateral support

• Collateral ligaments (tibial and fibular) provide medial and lateral support

Shoulder Joint

• Acromioclavicular ligament connects the acromion and clavicle.
• coracoacromialand glenohumeral ligament provide stability

Hip Joint

• Key features include the iliofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments.

Ankle Joint

• Deltoid ligament is on the medial side.
• Talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments are on the lateral side

Planes of Movement

• Anatomical directional terms: cranial, caudal, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral.

Movements

• Angular Movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
• Shoulder: shoulder joint inward rotation, outwrad rotation, hip joint flexion and extensions
• Special movements: pronation, supination, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, eversion and inversion
• Shoulder girdle: elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, upward rotation, and downward rotation.

Lab Nine – Myology

Muscles on the Body

• Anterior: Deltoid, pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, abdominal external oblique, pectineus, adductor longus, sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, fibularis longus, tibialis anterior, iliopsoas, gracilis, vastus medialis, soleus, and gastrocnemius
• Posterior: Levator scapulae, supraspinatus, teres minor, infraspinatus, teres major, triceps brachii, serratus posterior inferior, external oblique, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, semimembranosus, peroneus longus, tibialis posterior, rhomboids, trapezius, deltoid, latissimus dorsi brachioradialis, extensors, flexor carpi ulnaris, gluteus minimus, gemellus muscles, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gracilis, gastrocnemius and soleus
• Muscles of the neck: levator scapulae, trapezius, splenius, sternocleidomastoid, clavicle, Rhomboids

Distinguish Movements

• Distinguish between anterior, middle, and posterior portions of the deltoid.

Arm Muscles

• Anterior muscles are the Biceps brachii and Brachialis.
• Posterior muscles are the Triceps brachii.

Forearm Muscles

• Anterior muscles: Flexors, flexor carpi ulnaris
• Posterior muscles: Extensors, brachioradialis, extensor carpi ulnaris

Superficial Pelvic and Thigh Muscles

• Psoas major, iliacus, tensor fascia latae, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, pectinius, adductor longus, gracilis, vastus medialis

Muscle Regions

• Deep Pelvic and Thigh Muscles light (anterior view): obturator, adductor brevis, adductor longus, Gracilis, adductor magnus
• Pelvic and thigh muscles of right leg (posterior view): gluteus medius (cut), gluteus minimus, Piriformis, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, obturator externus, quadratus femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Lower Leg Muscles

• Anterior Portion: tibialis anterior Plantar Portion: gastrocnemius, soleus, calcaneal, plantaris

Lab Sixteen – Cardiorespiratory Anatomy

• Key features: nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, left and right lung, right and left main bronchus, and diaphragm.
• Larynx, trachea, terminal and respritory bronchiole, smooth muscles are key components
• Aveolar sac is a cluster of individual alevoli
• The heart is divided by the superior and inferior vena cava

Cardiac Circulation

• Pulmonary circuit: heart to lungs
• Systemic circuit: heart to the rest of the body
• Coronary Circulation: Oxygen rich blood supply to the heart
• Key componets: aorta, left pulmonary arteries, right pulmonary arteries

Vascular System

• Arteries: Right and left common carotid arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, right and left subclavian arteries, axillary artery, brachial artery and diaphragm
• Veins: internal jugular vein, subclavian vein, axillary vein, brachial vein, great saphenous vein

Lab Twenty – Neural Anatomy

• Key features: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, pre and primary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, midbrain, pons, medulla, brain stem, and cerebellum.
• The spinal cord connect nerve pathways from all senses
• Key vertbral features: spinal cord, spinal process, transverse process and lamina.

Upper Body

• Nerves: musculocutaneous, median, radial, and ulnar

Lower Body

• Key nerves of the leg include the femoral, sciatic, common peroneal, and tibial

Vertebral Anatomy

• Spinal cord, vertebral arch and sympathetic trunk are key components