Anatomy of the Upper and Lower Limbs

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the radial tuberosity?

Supports the weight of the forearm

Articulates with the lumbar region

Connects to the triceps muscle

Attachment point for arm muscles (correct)

Which bone is primarily responsible for weight-bearing in the leg?

Tibia (correct)

Patella

Fibula

Radius

Which of the following is NOT part of the carpal bones in the wrist?

Scaphoid

Radius (correct)

Hamate

Lunate

What structure is formed by the trochlear notch of the ulna?

Elbow joint (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the patella?

Enables the tendon to bend over the knee (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which bone serves as a thin and sticklike structure forming the lateral side of the leg?

Fibula (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which group of bones is arranged and numbered similarly to the bones in the hand?

Metatarsal bones and phalanges (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the ankle?

Patella (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intervertebral disks?

Separate the vertebral bodies (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the vertebral column extends laterally between the lamina and pedicle?

Transverse process (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the posterior curvature of the spine that results in a hunchback appearance?

Kyphosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?

Attach the lower limbs to the body (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ribs is true?

The 11th and 12th ribs are classified as floating ribs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the sternum?

Breastbone (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?

4 bones; 2 scapulae and 2 clavicles (D) Signup and view all the answers

What identifies the 2nd rib in the human skeleton?

Sternal angle (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of spinal curvature is characterized as a swayback condition?

Lordosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the rib cage during respiration?

It prevents thorax collapse. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the xiphoid process during CPR?

It's an important landmark of the sternum. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is the most superior part of the pelvic girdle?

Ilium (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the vertebral column surrounds the vertebral foramen?

Vertebral arch (B) Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?

126 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bones are the phalanges?

Small bones (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the scapula in the pectoral girdle?

To provide attachment for arm muscles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sphenoid bone?

Spans the width of the skull (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the sella turcica?

Saddle-shaped structure containing the pituitary gland (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates the mandible from other facial bones?

It is the only movable facial bone (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sutures in the skull?

To unite the bones of the skull (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is described as having a prominent ridge?

Crest (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are classified as the cheekbones?

Zygomatic Bones (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vertebral canal?

To protect the spinal cord (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are located posterior to the palatine processes of the maxilla?

Palatine Bones (D) Signup and view all the answers

What unites two bones in cartilaginous joints?

Cartilage (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which movement occurs when standing on the toes?

Plantar flexion (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of joints are described as freely movable?

Synovial joints (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the joint capsule do in synovial joints?

Encloses the joint cavity and holds bones together (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements involves turning the palm upwards?

Supination (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is primarily found in the intervertebral disks?

Fibrocartilage (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of flexion occurs when the trunk is bent sideways?

Lateral flexion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement called when the foot sole faces laterally?

Eversion (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bones of the Upper Limbs

Forearm: Consists of the radius (lateral to the thumb) and ulna (medial to the little finger).
- Radius: Has a radial tuberosity where the biceps brachii muscle attaches.
- Ulna: Has a trochlear notch that forms the elbow joint, a coronoid process, an olecranon process, and a styloid process that articulates with the wrist bones.
Wrist: A short region between the forearm and hand, consisting of 8 carpal bones: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezium, and trapezoid.
Hand: Consists of 5 metacarpal bones attached to the carpal bones and phalanges (3 small bones on each finger).

Bones of the Lower Limbs

Leg: Located between the knee and ankle, consisting of the tibia (shinbone) and fibula.
- Tibia: The larger, weight-bearing bone, has a medial malleolus.
- Fibula: A thin and stick-like bone forming the lateral side of the leg, has a lateral malleolus.
Ankle: Consists of 7 tarsal bones: talus (ankle bone), calcaneus (heel bone), cuboid, navicular, and 3 cuneiforms.
Foot: Consists of metatarsal bones and phalanges, arranged and numbered like the hand.
- Possesses 3 primary arches.

Skull

Sphenoid Bone: Butterfly-shaped bone spanning the width of the skull.
- Sella Turcica: Saddle-shaped structure containing the pituitary gland.
Ethmoid Bone: An irregularly shaped bone lying anterior to the sphenoid bone.

Facial Bones

14 bones, 13 are solidly connected, 1 is movable (mandible).
Hold facial muscles in place.
Connected by sutures (immovable, interlocking joints).
Maxillae: Main bones of the face, carrying the upper teeth.
Palatine Bones: Lie posterior to the palatine processes of the maxilla.
Zygomatic Bones: Cheek bones.
Lacrimal Bones: Form part of the medial wall of each orbit.
Nasal Bones: Form the bridge of the nose.

Vertebral Column

Vertebrae: Consist of a body, vertebral arch, and various processes.
- Body: The weight-bearing portion.
- Vertebral Arch: Surrounds the vertebral foramen (protects the spinal cord), made up of pedicles and laminae.
- Processes: Transverse processes, spinous processes.
- Vertebral Canal: Encloses the spinal cord.
- Intervertebral Foramina: Where spinal nerves exit the spinal cord.
Cervical Vertebrae (7): First two are unique (atlas and axis).
- Atlas (C1): Lacks a body and has two lateral masses.
- Axis (C2): Has a dens that projects upwards, allowing the head to rotate.
Thoracic Vertebrae (12): Articulate with ribs.
Lumbar Vertebrae (5): Largest vertebrae, designed for weight bearing.
Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae): Posterior to the pelvic girdle, forming part of the pelvic cavity.
- Sacral Promontory: The anterior edge of the first sacral vertebra, a landmark used in vaginal examinations.
Coccyx (4 fused vertebrae): Tailbone, easily broken.

Rib Cage

Also called the thoracic cage.
Protects vital organs and prevents thorax collapse during respiration.
Consists of 12 pairs of ribs:
- True Ribs (1-7): Attached directly to the sternum.
- False Ribs (8-12): Do not attach directly to the sternum, with 11-12 being floating ribs.
Sternum: Breastbone.
- Jugular Notch: Depression between the clavicles.
- Sternal Angle: Marks the junction of the manubrium and sternum.
- Xiphoid Process: Important landmark for CPR.

Joints and Movements

Cartilaginous Joints: Unite bones with cartilage, allowing slight movement (e.g., epiphyseal plates, cartilage between ribs and sternum).
Synovial Joints: Freely movable joints with a fluid-filled cavity surrounding the ends of bones.
- Articulating Cartilage: Covers articular surfaces.
- Joint Cavity: Filled with fluid.
- Joint Capsule: Encloses the cavity.
Movements:
- Flexion: Movement in the frontal/coronal plane (e.g., plantar flexion, dorsiflexion).
- Extension: Movement in a posterior direction.
- Lateral Flexion: Movement of the trunk in the coronal plane.
- Abduction: Movement away from the median plane.
- Adduction: Movement towards the median plane.
- Pronation: Rotation of the forearm to make the palm face down.
- Supination: Rotation of the forearm to make the palm face up.
- Eversion: Movement of the foot with the sole facing laterally.
- Inversion: Movement of the foot with the sole facing medially.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the bones in the upper and lower limbs with this quiz. You will explore key features of bones in the forearm, wrist, hand, leg, and ankle. Prepare to delve into the details of anatomical structures and their functions.