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Questions and Answers
What is the origin of the Genioglossus muscle?
Which nerve supplies the Palatoglossus muscle?
What divides the tongue into right and left halves?
What is the primary blood supply of the tongue?
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Where do the lymphatics of the tongue drain to?
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What is the action of the Styloglossus muscle?
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What is the percentage of the tongue that lies in the floor of the oral cavity?
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What is the name of the sulcus that marks the junction between the anterior and posterior parts of the tongue?
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Which of the following muscles are found in the tongue?
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What is the name of the part of the tongue that lies in the anterior wall of the oropharynx?
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What is the proportion of the tongue that lies in the anterior wall of the oropharynx?
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What is the main function of the tongue in the oral cavity?
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Which papillae on the tongue are arranged in rows parallel to the vallate papillae?
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What is the name of the midline fold that connects the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
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Which part of the tongue lies behind the terminal sulcus and contains nodules of lymphoid tissue?
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What is the function of the papillae on the tongue?
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What type of papillae are found on the sides and tip of the tongue?
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What is the characteristic of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
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Study Notes
Tongue Structure and Composition
- The tongue lies on the superior surface with its apex directed backwards.
- The foramen caecum, a depression at the apex of the sulcus, is the site of origin of the thyroglossal duct (development of the thyroid gland).
Oral Part of Tongue
- The oral part is triangular in shape with the apex (tip of tongue) lying just behind the incisors.
- It has two surfaces: superior and inferior.
- The superior surface shows three types of papillae:
- Filiform papillae: arranged in rows parallel to vallate papillae.
- Fungiform papillae: arranged on the sides and tip of the tongue.
- Vallate papillae: a row of papillae in front of the sulcus terminalis, large enough to be easily seen by the naked eye.
- The papillae increase the surface area of the mucous membrane of the tongue and contain taste buds, except for filiform papillae which have no buds.
Inferior Surface of Tongue
- The inferior surface has no papillae but shows a lingual frenulum, a midline fold that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
- A deep lingual vein appears as a dark line lateral to the frenulum.
- A lingual artery and lingual nerve are also present.
- A fimbriated fold is lateral to the vein.
Pharyngeal Part of the Tongue
- The pharyngeal part lies behind the terminal sulcus and has no papillae or taste buds.
- It is irregular due to the presence of nodules of lymphoid tissue (lingual tonsils) in the submucosa.
Muscles of Tongue
- Intrinsic muscles arise and end within the substance of the tongue, with no bony attachment.
- These include superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, and vertical muscles.
- Extrinsic muscles arise outside the tongue and are inserted into the tongue.
- These include the genioglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus, and hyoglossus muscles.
Blood Supply of Tongue
- The tongue is mainly supplied by the lingual artery of the external carotid artery.
- Additional supply comes from the tonsillar and ascending pharyngeal arteries.
- The tongue is drained by two veins: the deep lingual vein and the dorsal lingual vein.
- Lymphatics drain to the submental, submandibular, and upper deep cervical lymph nodes.
Nerve Supply of Tongue
- The motor supply to all muscles (extrinsic and intrinsic) is by the hypoglossal nerve, except for the palatoglossus which is supplied by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve.
- The tongue receives the opening of the parotid duct opposite the upper second molar tooth.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the tongue's structure, including its surfaces, papillae, and development. Identify the different parts of the tongue and their functions.
