Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the surface of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue like?
What is the surface of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue like?
- Cobblestone (correct)
- Smooth
- Flat
- Rough
What is the function of the intraepithelial structures in the tongue?
What is the function of the intraepithelial structures in the tongue?
- Speech formation
- Airway protection
- Taste perception (correct)
- Swallowing
Which muscle of the tongue creates a trough for swallowing?
Which muscle of the tongue creates a trough for swallowing?
- Vertical
- Transvers
- Longitudinal
- Styloglossus (correct)
What type of muscles permit changes in the shape of the tongue?
What type of muscles permit changes in the shape of the tongue?
Where are the taste buds mostly located on the tongue?
Where are the taste buds mostly located on the tongue?
What is located around the posterior margin of the Mylohyoid muscle?
What is located around the posterior margin of the Mylohyoid muscle?
What divides the gland into two lobes?
What divides the gland into two lobes?
What is the relative size of the superficial lobe?
What is the relative size of the superficial lobe?
What is the function of the Mylohyoid muscle in relation to the gland?
What is the function of the Mylohyoid muscle in relation to the gland?
What is the relative size of the deep lobe?
What is the relative size of the deep lobe?
What is the location of the thyropharyngeal part?
What is the location of the thyropharyngeal part?
What is the composition of the thyropharyngeal part?
What is the composition of the thyropharyngeal part?
What defines the triangular gap between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal parts?
What defines the triangular gap between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal parts?
What is the name of the triangular gap between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal parts?
What is the name of the triangular gap between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal parts?
What is the relationship between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal parts?
What is the relationship between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal parts?
Where are the sublingual glands located?
Where are the sublingual glands located?
What is the sublingual gland located between?
What is the sublingual gland located between?
What is the sublingual gland close to?
What is the sublingual gland close to?
How many sublingual glands are there?
How many sublingual glands are there?
What is the relative size of the sublingual gland compared to the other major salivary glands?
What is the relative size of the sublingual gland compared to the other major salivary glands?
What is the cause of haemoptysis in patients with portal hypertension?
What is the cause of haemoptysis in patients with portal hypertension?
What is the result of continual gastric reflux in the oesophageal mucosa?
What is the result of continual gastric reflux in the oesophageal mucosa?
What is the effect of left atrial hypertrophy on the oesophagus?
What is the effect of left atrial hypertrophy on the oesophagus?
What is the characteristic of achalasia?
What is the characteristic of achalasia?
What is a common symptom of oesophageal disorders?
What is a common symptom of oesophageal disorders?
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Study Notes
Tongue Structure
- Taste buds are clustered in two groups on either side of the tongue
- Mucous membrane of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue has no lingual papillae and a cobblestone surface due to the presence of lymphoid nodules (lingual tonsil)
Areas of Specialized Epithelia
- Specialized mucosa with intraepithelial structures (taste buds) for taste perception (gustation) are found on the dorsal surface of the tongue
- Most taste buds are located on the dorsal surface of the tongue
Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
- Intrinsic muscles (confined to the tongue) permit changes in the shape of the tongue
- Types of intrinsic muscles include:
- Longitudinal
- Transversal
- Vertical
Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
- Extrinsic muscles allow for movement and changes in position of the tongue
- The styloglossus muscle creates a trough for swallowing by retracting the tongue
Sublingual Salivary Glands
- Sublingual glands are a paired set of salivary glands located in the anterior part of the floor of the mouth
- They are situated between the mucous membrane, the mylohyoid muscle, and the body of the mandible close to the mental symphysis
- The glands are divided into a superficial (large) and deep (small) lobe by the posterior margin of the mylohyoid muscle
Oesophagus Clinical Correlates
- The oesophagus has three points of narrowing at its commencement, where it is crossed by the left bronchus and at its entry into the stomach
- Clinical correlates of oesophagus include:
- Portal hypertension leading to oesophageal varices, which may rupture and cause haemoptysis
- Metaplasia in the oesophageal mucosa due to continual gastric reflux (GORD)
- Left atrial hypertrophy and bronchus displacement due to mitral stenosis
- Dysphagia (swallowing difficulties) and achalasia (motor disorder)
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