Anatomy of the Tibia Bone Quiz

Scapula

• The scapula has a horizontal plate of bone called the Spine, where the Acromion sits at the end and articulates with the clavicle.
• The area above the spine is called the Supraspinous fossa, and the area below is called the Infraspinous fossa.
• The Subscapular fossa is a concave area at the front of the scapula.
• The Glenoid cavity articulates with the humerus on the lateral angle.
• The Coracoid process points forward (anterior) superior to the Glenoid cavity.
• The scapula has triangular surfaces on the upper and lower portions called the Superior and Inferior angles, respectively.
• The outer and inner edges are called the Lateral (Axillary) and Medial (Vertebral) border.

Humerus

• The Head of the humerus is round in shape and articulates with the Glenoid cavity of the Scapula to form the shoulder joint.
• Below the head is a groove called the Anatomical neck.
• Two eminences (tubercles) point forward: the Greater tubercle (larger) and the Lesser tubercle (smaller).
• A deep groove called the Intertubercular groove (or Bicipital groove) lies between the two tubercles.
• Below the tubercles is a segment called the Surgical neck.
• The Deltoid tuberosity is a rough, elevated surface on the lateral side of the shaft and is the site of insertion of deltoid muscles.

Distal Humerus

• The distal humerus has two projections: the Capitulum on the lateral side and the Trochlea on the medial side.
• The Capitulum is round in shape and articulates with the head of the radius.
• The Trochlea is spool-shaped and articulates with the ulna.
• There are two cavities above the Trochlea: the Coronoid fossa (anterior) and the Olecranon fossa (posterior).

Radius

• The Head of the radius is flat and articulates with the Capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna.
• The distal end is a concavity that articulates with the carpal bones.
• The conical projection on the lateral surface of this cavity is called the Styloid process of the radius.

Ulna

• The Olecranon process is an upward projection that fits into the Olecranon fossa of the humerus.
• The Coronoid process projects forward and fits into the Coronoid fossa of the humerus.
• The Trochlear notch is a hook-like, anterior cavity that fits the Trochlea of the humerus.
• There is another cavity on the side called the Radial notch for the Head of the radius.
• The distal end contains the Styloid process of the radius head and a small, downward projection called the Styloid process.

Elbow Joint

• The elbow joint is the articulation of the distal end of the humerus and the head of the radius and the proximal part of the ulna.

Carpal Bones

• The carpal bones are found in the wrist and consist of eight small bones per hand, arranged in two rows (four bones per row).
• The bones are listed from lateral to medial as follows: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate.

Metacarpal Bones and Phalanges

• The metacarpal bones are found in the palm and each bone is long and consists of a base, shaft, and head.
• There are five bones per hand, numbered from 1 to 5 (starting from the thumb).
• Each hand contains 14 phalanges, with three phalanges in each finger except the thumb, which has only two.
• A phalanx consists of proximal, middle, and distal parts, and the thumb has no middle phalanx.

Hip Bone

• The hip bone is composed of three parts: the Pubis, Ilium, and Ischium.
• They are joined at the Acetabulum, a concave surface that fits the Head of the Femur to form the Hip joint.

Hip Bone: Pubis

• The Pubis is the ventral and anterior hip bone, which tilts downwards and unites with the other pubic bone in the Pubic symphysis (Symphysis pubis).

Hip Bone: Ilium

• The Ilium is the largest region of the hip bone and has a broad cavity called the Iliac fossa.
• The curved superior border is called the Iliac crest, and at its outer end is a tubercle.
• The Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) is on the front, and below the ASIS is the Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS).
• The Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) is on the back, and below the PSIS is the Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS).
• Below the PIIS is a large notch called the Greater sciatic notch.

Hip Bone: Ischium

• The Ischium is found at the lower and back part of the hip bone and has a pointed eminence on the body posterior called the Ischial spine.
• Below the Ischial spine is the Lesser sciatic notch.
• The Ischial tuberosity is a large, rough swelling that sustains the body weight while sitting.
• An opening formed by the Ischium and Pubis is called the Obturator foramen.

Lower Limbs

• The bones of the lower limbs are:
  • Femur (thigh bone)
  • Patella (kneecap)
  • Tibia and Fibula (leg bones)
  • Tarsal bones, Metatarsal bones, and Phalanges (foot bones)

Femur

• The Femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body and is divided into:
  • Greater trochanter (a nearly spherical Head at the proximal end)
  • Neck
  • Shaft
  • Lesser trochanter (smaller and medial to the femur)
• The Intertrochanteric line joins the two trochanters on the front.
• The Shaft contains the Linea aspera, a longitudinal ridge where thigh muscles are attached.
• The lower extremity has:
  • Condyles (eminences articulating with the Tibia to form the knee joint)
  • Epicondyles (eminences atop the condyles)

Patella

• The Patella is a triangular bone found in front of the knee and is classified as a Sesamoid bone.
• It is attached to the Quadriceps femoris tendon.

Tibia

• The Tibia is the medial bone in the lower part of the leg and consists of:
  • The upper extremity expands into two eminences (condyles)
  • Medial condyle
  • Lateral condyle (which articulates with the Femoral condyle to form the knee joint)
  • The Tibial tuberosity (a large, rough elevation below the Condyles)
  • The lower extremity articulates with the Talus to form the ankle joint

Fibula

• The Fibula is a long, slender bone found lateral to the leg and is parallel to the Tibia.
• The upper part (Head) articulates with the lateral condyle of the Tibia.
• The lower end points downward and forms the outer prominence of the ankle called the Lateral malleolus.

Bones of the Foot

• The bones of the foot are:
  • Tarsal bones (7 bones)
  • Metatarsal bones (5 bones)
  • Phalanges (14 bones)

Joints

• Joints are classified into three types based on structure:
  1. Fibrous joints: adjacent bones are tightly joined by fibrous connective tissue, permitting little to no mobility.
     • Gomphosis (The joint of teeth)
     • Suture
     • Syndesmosis
  2. Cartilaginous joints: joined by cartilage and contains no space between connected bones.
     • Synchondroses (e.g., costal cartilage between rib and sternum)
     • Symphysis (e.g., intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis)
  3. Synovial joints: contains a joint cavity between articulating bones; filled with synovial fluid which acts as a lubricant to facilitate joint movement.
     • Types of Synovial Joints:
       • Sliding (Gliding) joint
       • Hinge joint
       • Pivot joint
       • Condyloid joint
       • Ball-and-socket joint

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the tibia bone including its structure, landmarks, and attachments. Identify key features like the condyles, tibial tuberosity, and its role in forming the knee joint.