Anatomy of the Tibia Bone Quiz

Scapula

• The scapula has a horizontal plate of bone called the Spine, where the Acromion sits at the end and articulates with the clavicle.
• The area above the spine is called the Supraspinous fossa, and the area below is called the Infraspinous fossa.
• The Subscapular fossa is a concave area at the front of the scapula.
• The Glenoid cavity articulates with the humerus on the lateral angle.
• The Coracoid process points forward (anterior) superior to the Glenoid cavity.
• The scapula has triangular surfaces on the upper and lower portions called the Superior and Inferior angles, respectively.
• The outer and inner edges are called the Lateral (Axillary) and Medial (Vertebral) border.

Humerus

• The Head of the humerus is round in shape and articulates with the Glenoid cavity of the Scapula to form the shoulder joint.
• Below the head is a groove called the Anatomical neck.
• Two eminences (tubercles) point forward: the Greater tubercle (larger) and the Lesser tubercle (smaller).
• A deep groove called the Intertubercular groove (or Bicipital groove) lies between the two tubercles.
• Below the tubercles is a segment called the Surgical neck.
• The Deltoid tuberosity is a rough, elevated surface on the lateral side of the shaft and is the site of insertion of deltoid muscles.

Distal Humerus

• The distal humerus has two projections: the Capitulum on the lateral side and the Trochlea on the medial side.
• The Capitulum is round in shape and articulates with the head of the radius.
• The Trochlea is spool-shaped and articulates with the ulna.
• There are two cavities above the Trochlea: the Coronoid fossa (anterior) and the Olecranon fossa (posterior).

Radius

• The Head of the radius is flat and articulates with the Capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna.
• The distal end is a concavity that articulates with the carpal bones.
• The conical projection on the lateral surface of this cavity is called the Styloid process of the radius.

Ulna

• The Olecranon process is an upward projection that fits into the Olecranon fossa of the humerus.
• The Coronoid process projects forward and fits into the Coronoid fossa of the humerus.
• The Trochlear notch is a hook-like, anterior cavity that fits the Trochlea of the humerus.
• There is another cavity on the side called the Radial notch for the Head of the radius.
• The distal end contains the Styloid process of the radius head and a small, downward projection called the Styloid process.

Elbow Joint

• The elbow joint is the articulation of the distal end of the humerus and the head of the radius and the proximal part of the ulna.

Carpal Bones

• The carpal bones are found in the wrist and consist of eight small bones per hand, arranged in two rows (four bones per row).
• The bones are listed from lateral to medial as follows: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate.

Metacarpal Bones and Phalanges

• The metacarpal bones are found in the palm and each bone is long and consists of a base, shaft, and head.
• There are five bones per hand, numbered from 1 to 5 (starting from the thumb).
• Each hand contains 14 phalanges, with three phalanges in each finger except the thumb, which has only two.
• A phalanx consists of proximal, middle, and distal parts, and the thumb has no middle phalanx.

Hip Bone

• The hip bone is composed of three parts: the Pubis, Ilium, and Ischium.
• They are joined at the Acetabulum, a concave surface that fits the Head of the Femur to form the Hip joint.

Hip Bone: Pubis

• The Pubis is the ventral and anterior hip bone, which tilts downwards and unites with the other pubic bone in the Pubic symphysis (Symphysis pubis).

Hip Bone: Ilium

• The Ilium is the largest region of the hip bone and has a broad cavity called the Iliac fossa.
• The curved superior border is called the Iliac crest, and at its outer end is a tubercle.
• The Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) is on the front, and below the ASIS is the Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS).
• The Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) is on the back, and below the PSIS is the Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS).
• Below the PIIS is a large notch called the Greater sciatic notch.

Hip Bone: Ischium

• The Ischium is found at the lower and back part of the hip bone and has a pointed eminence on the body posterior called the Ischial spine.
• Below the Ischial spine is the Lesser sciatic notch.
• The Ischial tuberosity is a large, rough swelling that sustains the body weight while sitting.
• An opening formed by the Ischium and Pubis is called the Obturator foramen.

Lower Limbs

• The bones of the lower limbs are:
  • Femur (thigh bone)
  • Patella (kneecap)
  • Tibia and Fibula (leg bones)
  • Tarsal bones, Metatarsal bones, and Phalanges (foot bones)

Femur

• The Femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body and is divided into:
  • Greater trochanter (a nearly spherical Head at the proximal end)
  • Neck
  • Shaft
  • Lesser trochanter (smaller and medial to the femur)
• The Intertrochanteric line joins the two trochanters on the front.
• The Shaft contains the Linea aspera, a longitudinal ridge where thigh muscles are attached.
• The lower extremity has:
  • Condyles (eminences articulating with the Tibia to form the knee joint)
  • Epicondyles (eminences atop the condyles)

Patella

• The Patella is a triangular bone found in front of the knee and is classified as a Sesamoid bone.
• It is attached to the Quadriceps femoris tendon.

Tibia

• The Tibia is the medial bone in the lower part of the leg and consists of:
  • The upper extremity expands into two eminences (condyles)
  • Medial condyle
  • Lateral condyle (which articulates with the Femoral condyle to form the knee joint)
  • The Tibial tuberosity (a large, rough elevation below the Condyles)
  • The lower extremity articulates with the Talus to form the ankle joint

Fibula

• The Fibula is a long, slender bone found lateral to the leg and is parallel to the Tibia.
• The upper part (Head) articulates with the lateral condyle of the Tibia.
• The lower end points downward and forms the outer prominence of the ankle called the Lateral malleolus.

Bones of the Foot

• The bones of the foot are:
  • Tarsal bones (7 bones)
  • Metatarsal bones (5 bones)
  • Phalanges (14 bones)

Joints

• Joints are classified into three types based on structure:
  1. Fibrous joints: adjacent bones are tightly joined by fibrous connective tissue, permitting little to no mobility.
     • Gomphosis (The joint of teeth)
     • Suture
     • Syndesmosis
  2. Cartilaginous joints: joined by cartilage and contains no space between connected bones.
     • Synchondroses (e.g., costal cartilage between rib and sternum)
     • Symphysis (e.g., intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis)
  3. Synovial joints: contains a joint cavity between articulating bones; filled with synovial fluid which acts as a lubricant to facilitate joint movement.
     • Types of Synovial Joints:
       • Sliding (Gliding) joint
       • Hinge joint
       • Pivot joint
       • Condyloid joint
       • Ball-and-socket joint