Anatomy of the Tibia

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the skeleton?

Supporting soft tissues (correct)

Facilitating oxygen transport

Producing hormones

Regulating body temperature

Which component is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

Pectoral limbs (correct)

Hyoid bone

Skull

Vertebral column

What is hematopoiesis in relation to the skeleton?

Production of blood cells (correct)

Construction of the skeletal framework

Formation of energy reserve fats

Storage of essential minerals

Which mineral is stored in the skeleton?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skeleton includes the pelvic limbs?

Appendicular skeleton Signup and view all the answers

What is the cranial intercondyloid area characterized by?

An oval, depressed area cranial to the intercondyloid eminences Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is associated with the distal extremity of the tibia?

Medial malleolus Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the fibula from the tibia?

It is located laterally to the tibia and is much more slender. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the tibial tuberosity?

Attachment for quadriceps muscles and patellar ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Which tarsal bones are included in the tarsus?

Seven tarsal bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the facies articularis fibularis?

It is located on the caudolateral surface of the lateral condyle for articulation with the head of the fibula. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is part of the distal extremity of the fibula?

Lateral malleolus Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the extensor groove is correct?

It is a small notch on the lateral condyle, extending to the articular area. Signup and view all the answers

Which bone forms the lateral part of the face and the hard palate holding the upper cheek teeth?

Maxillary bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the incisive bone?

Holds the upper incisors Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for forming part of the zygomatic arch?

Zygomatic bone Signup and view all the answers

Which nasal concha is located more laterally in the nasal cavity?

Dorsal nasal concha Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the zygomatic bone from the maxillary bone?

Zygomatic bone has a concave medial surface Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is known for forming the posterior third of the hard palate?

Palatine bone Signup and view all the answers

The ventral nasal concha is formerly known as what?

Maxilloturbinate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is NOT a part of the facial skeleton?

Frontal bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinct shape of the lesser trochanter?

Pyramid-shaped Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the greater trochanter with the lesser trochanter?

Intertrochanteric crest Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the caudal surface of the femur compared to the cranial, lateral, and medial surfaces?

Flatter than the others Signup and view all the answers

How do the lateral and medial condyles differ in size and convexity?

Lateral condyle is larger and convex, medial is smaller and less convex Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the femoral trochlea?

Articulating with the knee cap (patella) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located between the lateral ridge of the patellar surface and the lateral epicondyle?

Extensor fossa Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the third trochanter?

A prominence on the lateral side distal to the greater trochanter Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the patella's structure?

It is the largest sesamoid bone in the body Signup and view all the answers

What is a structural difference between the humerus and femur?

The humerus has greater and lesser tubercles, while the femur has greater, lesser, and third trochanters. Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are part of the thoracic limb?

Humerus and Radius Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the proximal head of the tibia compared to the ulna?

The tibia has irregular shaped condyles, while the ulna has well-defined processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about carpal and tarsal bones is true?

Both carpal and tarsal bones have a central region. Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is present on the third trochanter of the femur?

Trochanteric fossa Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the digits of the pelvic limb?

The pelvic limb also possesses five digits. Signup and view all the answers

What does the OS Penis refer to in the context of the limb skeleton?

A structure present in the male dog. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT associated with the humeral condyles?

The humeral condyles are integral to the shoulder girdle. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tibia

Medial and Lateral Intercondylar Tubercles are prominences on the proximal ends of the tibia
Cranial Intercondyloid Areas are depressed areas cranial to the intercondyloid eminences
Caudal Intercondyloid Areas are depressed areas caudal to the eminences
Popliteal Notch is a notch on the caudal aspect of the tibia, between the condyles
Tibial Tuberosity is a large quadrangular process on the cranial aspect of the tibia, where quadriceps and patellar ligaments attach
Cranial Border is the tibial crest, extending distally from the tibial tuberosity, used for muscle attachment
Extensor Groove is a smaller notch that cuts into the lateral condyle
Facies Articularis Fibularis is a facet on the caudolateral surface of the lateral condyle, which articulates with the head of the fibula
Body of the Tibia has caudal, medial, and lateral surfaces, and medial, interosseous, and cranial borders
Distal Extremity of Tibia is the cochlea, containing two sagittal grooves that articulate with the ridges of the proximal trochlea of the tibial tarsal bone
Medial Malleolus is the medial part of the tibia, with a cranial process

Fibula

Long, thin bone situated on the lateral border of the tibia
Separated from the tibia by the interosseous space
Does not articulate with the femur, primarily for muscle attachment
Composed of the body/shaft, lateral malleolus (distal extremity)
Facies Articularis Capitis Fibulae is a small facet at the proximal head, which articulates with a similar facet on the caudolateral part of the lateral condyle of the tibia
Lateral Malleolus is the distal end of the fibula

Hindpaw

Composed of tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, digits and sesamoid bones
The seven tarsal bones form the hock (tarsus)

Osteology

The study of bones
Bone: hard, semi-rigid, calcified connective tissue that forms the skeleton
Skeleton: framework of hard structures that supports and protects the soft tissues of animals

Functions of the Skeleton

Support: acts as an internal scaffold
Locomotion: used as levers for skeletal muscles
Protection: protects underlying soft tissues
Storage: stores calcium and phosphorus
Hematopoiesis: manufactures blood cells in bone marrow
Storage of fats: yellow marrow stores energy
Axial skeleton: composed of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
Appendicular skeleton: composed of the pectoral and pelvic limbs
Heterotopic skeleton: bones that develop in the substance of viscera or soft organs (os penis)

Bones of the Face and Palate

Incisive
Nasal
Maxillary
Dorsal Nasal Concha
Ventral Nasal Concha
Zygomatic
Palatine
Lacrimal
Pterygoid
Vomer
Mandible

Incisive (Premaxilla) Bone

Rostral bone that holds the upper incisors
Composed of body and sockets for incisors

Nasal Bone

Forms the osseous roof of the nasal cavity
Long, slender and narrow caudally

Maxillary Bone (Maxilla)

Forms lateral part of the face and part of the hard palate
Largest facial bone; divided into body and four processes:
- Frontal
- Zygomatic
- Palatine
- Pterygoid
Infraorbital foramen: passageway for infraorbital nerve and artery
Alveolar process: holds teeth
Interalveolar septa: between individual tooth sockets
Interradicular septa: between the roots of multi-rooted teeth

Dorsal Nasal Concha

Formerly known as the Nasal Turbinate

Ventral Nasal Concha

Formerly known as the Maxilloturbinate
A scroll of bone located in the nasal cavity

Zygomatic Bone (Malar or Jugal)

Forms the cranial part of the zygomatic arch
Divided into two surfaces, four borders and two processes
Surfaces:
- Lateral: convex
- Medial/Orbital: concave
Borders:
- Maxillary
- Temporal
- Infraorbital
- Masseteric
Processes:
- Temporal
- Frontal
Orbital ligament: completes the orbit of the dog, caudally

Palatine Bone

Forms the caudal part of the hard palate, caudomedial to the maxilla
Divided into:
- Horizontal lamina: forms the posterior third of the hard palate
- Perpendicular lamina: forms part of the nasal septum

Comparative review of the bones of the limbs

Thoracic Limb
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Digits
Pelvic Limb
- Hip Bone
- Femur
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Digits

Splanchnic/Heterotopic Skeleton

Os penis (Baculum): always present in the male dog, passes through the bulbus glandis

Femur

Greater Trochanter: largest tuber of proximal extremity, lateral to the head and neck
Trochanteric fossa: depression on the caudal aspect of the femur between the trochanters
Lesser (Minor, Medial) Trochanter: distinct, pyramid-shaped eminence distal to the head
Intertrochanteric crest: low but wide crest connecting the lesser and greater trochanters
Third Trochanter: prominence on the lateral side, distal to the greater trochanter
Transverse line: arched dorsally, running from the femoral head across the cranial surface of the intertrochanteric crest to the greater trochanter
Body/Shaft: cranial, lateral and medial surfaces are not distinct, caudal surface is flatter
Caudal surface:
- Facies aspera: roughened surface bounded by the medial and lateral lips
- Popliteal surface: concave sagittally, flat transversely
- Trochanteric surface: flat, enclosed by the femoral lips
Distal Extremity: quadrangular, protrudes caudally
Lateral Condyle: convex; articulates with the tibia and the menisci
Medial Condyle: smaller, less convex; articulates with the tibia and the menisci
Femoral trochlea (Patellar surface): smooth groove on the cranial surface of the distal extremity, articulates with the patella
Medial and Lateral Epicondyles: proximal and cranial to the condyles, for proximal attachment of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments
Extensor fossa: small depression between the lateral ridge of the patellar surface and the lateral epicondyle
Medial and Lateral supracondylar tuberosities: tubercles at the proximal edge of the popliteal surface

Sesamoid Bones in the Stifle Joint of the Dog

Patella: largest sesamoid bone in the body, ovate in shape
- Base: blunt and faces proximally

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Description

This quiz covers the key anatomical features of the tibia, including the intercondylar tubercles, popliteal notch, and tibial tuberosity. Understand the cranial and caudal intercondyloid areas, as well as the muscle attachment points on the tibia. Test your knowledge of tibial anatomy and its structural significance.