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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the structure, which is a deep notch or depression, palpated easily on the superior portion of the sternum, below the thyroid cartilage?
What is the name of the structure, which is a deep notch or depression, palpated easily on the superior portion of the sternum, below the thyroid cartilage?
Which of the following is NOT a division of the sternum?
Which of the following is NOT a division of the sternum?
Which of these structures comprises the posterior portion of the bony thorax?
Which of these structures comprises the posterior portion of the bony thorax?
What is the term used for the parts of the chest involved in breathing and blood circulation?
What is the term used for the parts of the chest involved in breathing and blood circulation?
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What is the name of the prominent process felt at the base of the neck?
What is the name of the prominent process felt at the base of the neck?
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Which of these structures connects the sternum to the scapulae?
Which of these structures connects the sternum to the scapulae?
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What is the specific portion of the bony thorax that provides a protective framework for the organs involved in breathing and blood circulation?
What is the specific portion of the bony thorax that provides a protective framework for the organs involved in breathing and blood circulation?
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What is the primary reason for using landmarks in chest radiographic positioning?
What is the primary reason for using landmarks in chest radiographic positioning?
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What structure separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?
What structure separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?
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What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
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What is the name of the structure that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx?
What is the name of the structure that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx?
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What is the name of the upper airway?
What is the name of the upper airway?
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Which of these is NOT a division of the pharynx?
Which of these is NOT a division of the pharynx?
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What is the name of the structure that makes up the roof of the oral cavity?
What is the name of the structure that makes up the roof of the oral cavity?
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory system?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory system?
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What is the approximate level of the xiphoid process?
What is the approximate level of the xiphoid process?
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What is the name of the lower posterior aspect of the soft palate?
What is the name of the lower posterior aspect of the soft palate?
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Where is the laryngopharynx located?
Where is the laryngopharynx located?
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What is the function of the epiglottis during swallowing?
What is the function of the epiglottis during swallowing?
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What is the function of the hyoid bone?
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
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Where is the larynx located?
Where is the larynx located?
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What is the approximate level of the upper margin of the larynx?
What is the approximate level of the upper margin of the larynx?
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Which of the following statements about the larynx is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the larynx is TRUE?
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Which of these cartilages is described as being leaf-shaped?
Which of these cartilages is described as being leaf-shaped?
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What is the anatomical location of the thyroid gland in relation to the larynx?
What is the anatomical location of the thyroid gland in relation to the larynx?
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What is the prominent anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage known as?
What is the prominent anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage known as?
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What is the primary function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?
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What is the approximate length of the trachea in adults?
What is the approximate length of the trachea in adults?
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Which of these structures is NOT directly involved in the respiratory system?
Which of these structures is NOT directly involved in the respiratory system?
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Which anatomical landmark is used as a reference point to locate the thyroid cartilage?
Which anatomical landmark is used as a reference point to locate the thyroid cartilage?
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What is a unique characteristic of the thyroid gland?
What is a unique characteristic of the thyroid gland?
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Which of these structures is located directly behind the sternum?
Which of these structures is located directly behind the sternum?
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What is the name of the large artery that carries blood to all parts of the body, branching into three main sections?
What is the name of the large artery that carries blood to all parts of the body, branching into three main sections?
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Where does the proximal esophagus lie in relation to the trachea?
Where does the proximal esophagus lie in relation to the trachea?
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Which of these structures is responsible for returning blood to the heart from the lower half of the body?
Which of these structures is responsible for returning blood to the heart from the lower half of the body?
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What is the name of the double-walled sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels?
What is the name of the double-walled sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels?
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How many lobes does the right lung have?
How many lobes does the right lung have?
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The left bronchus divides into how many secondary bronchi?
The left bronchus divides into how many secondary bronchi?
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What is the name of the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles?
What is the name of the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles?
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What type of substance composes the lungs?
What type of substance composes the lungs?
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Which fissure separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung?
Which fissure separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung?
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What is the name of the double-walled sac that encloses each lung?
What is the name of the double-walled sac that encloses each lung?
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What is the name of the outer layer of the pleural sac that lines the chest wall and diaphragm?
What is the name of the outer layer of the pleural sac that lines the chest wall and diaphragm?
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What is the primary function of the alveoli?
What is the primary function of the alveoli?
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Flashcards
Chest
Chest
The upper portion of the trunk between the neck and abdomen.
Bony Thorax
Bony Thorax
Protective framework for breathing and circulation organs.
Thoracic Viscera
Thoracic Viscera
Parts of the chest including lungs and mediastinal organs.
Sternum
Sternum
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Clavicles
Clavicles
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Vertebra Prominens
Vertebra Prominens
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Jugular Notch
Jugular Notch
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Topographic Positioning Landmarks
Topographic Positioning Landmarks
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Xiphoid Process
Xiphoid Process
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Respiration
Respiration
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Respiratory System Divisions
Respiratory System Divisions
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Diaphragm
Diaphragm
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Inspiration
Inspiration
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Pharynx
Pharynx
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Three Divisions of Pharynx
Three Divisions of Pharynx
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Hemidiaphragm
Hemidiaphragm
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Uvula
Uvula
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Laryngopharynx
Laryngopharynx
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Epiglottis
Epiglottis
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Esophagus
Esophagus
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Parts of the Respiratory System
Parts of the Respiratory System
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Voice Production
Voice Production
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Hyoid Bone
Hyoid Bone
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Thyroid Cartilage
Thyroid Cartilage
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Laryngeal Prominence
Laryngeal Prominence
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Cricoid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
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Trachea
Trachea
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Primary Bronchi
Primary Bronchi
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Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
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Thyroid Gland Size
Thyroid Gland Size
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Pericardial sac
Pericardial sac
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Aorta
Aorta
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Superior vena cava
Superior vena cava
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Inferior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
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Secondary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
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Lobes of the Lungs
Lobes of the Lungs
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Bronchioles
Bronchioles
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Alveoli
Alveoli
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Pleura
Pleura
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Parenchyma
Parenchyma
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Lung Fissures
Lung Fissures
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Thoracic Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
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Study Notes
Chapter 2: Chest
- Radiographic examinations of the chest, or thorax, are common procedures.
- The chest is the upper portion of the trunk, extending from the neck to the abdomen.
- Radiographic anatomy of the chest is divided into three sections: bony thorax, respiratory system, and mediastinum.
Bony Thorax
- The bony thorax provides a protective framework for structures involved in breathing and blood circulation.
- Thoracic viscera refers to the lungs and remaining thoracic organs in the mediastinum.
- The sternum (breastbone) has three divisions: manubrium (superior), body (large center portion), and xiphoid process (smaller inferior portion).
Topographic Positioning Landmarks
- Accurate chest positioning requires specific landmarks for accurate image placement.
- The vertebra prominens (C7) is the most prominent bony projection at the base of the neck, palpated by applying light pressure to the base of the neck.
- The jugular notch (manubrial or suprasternal notch) is a deep notch or depression on the superior portion of the sternum, below the thyroid cartilage.
- The xiphoid process (tip) is the inferior tip of the sternum and approximately corresponds to T9 or T10. This is also a useful landmark.
Respiratory System
- Respiration involves the exchange of gases between the air and the bloodstream.
- The respiratory system includes the organs and pathways air takes from the nose and mouth to the lungs.
- Four main divisions include the pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Pharynx
- The pharynx (upper airway) is a shared passage for air and food, connecting the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus.
- It has three divisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
- The hard palate and soft palate form the roof of the oral cavity; the uvula is the posterior aspect of the soft palate.
Larynx (Voice Box)
- The larynx is the organ of voice and is a cage-like cartilaginous structure.
- Its approximate length is 1.5 to 2 inches (4-5 cm) in adults.
- The larynx is found anterior in the neck, supported by the hyoid bone, underneath the tongue.
- The thyroid cartilage is the largest and least mobile cartilage and is seen in the front of the larynx. Its prominent anterior projection is called the laryngeal prominence.
Trachea
- The trachea is the second division of the respiratory system, also known as the windpipe.
- It's a fibrous/muscular tube about 34 inches (2 cm) in diameter and 4 ½ inches (11 cm) long.
- About 20 C-shaped rings of cartilage are embedded in the walls of the trachea.
Thyroid Gland
- The thyroid is situated inferior to the larynx.
- It's a radiosensitive gland with right and left lobes located in the neck, distal to the trachea.
- The thyroid produces hormones for growth, development, and nervous system activity.
Parathyroid Glands
- The parathyroid glands are small, round glands found in the posterior surface of each lateral lobe of the thyroid.
- They store and secrete hormones vital for blood calcium levels.
Thymus Gland
- The thymus gland is located just inferior to the thyroid gland in the upper mediastinum.
- The thymus is a temporary gland, maximal in size during infancy and puberty.
- Its function is related to immune system development and function.
Radiographs
- AP and lateral radiographs of the upper airway show the trachea and larynx. Chest radiographs allow visualization of the bony structures (sternum, ribs, scapulae, and clavicles), mediastinal structures (heart, great vessels), and lung parenchyma.
- Axial CT images through the upper chest show the trachea and great vessels.
- Radiographs of the respiratory system are important for evaluating the thoracic cavity, including the trachea, larynx, great vessels, and lungs.
Right and Left Bronchi
- The trachea divides into the right and left main-stem bronchi (which further branch into secondary and tertiary bronchi).
- The right main-stem bronchus is wider and shorter than the left, and the angle of divergence from the distal trachea is less abrupt.
- The left main-stem bronchus is smaller and longer than the right, with a greater angle of divergence. The carina is the point where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi and is located at the level of T5.
Secondary Bronchi, Lobes, and Alveoli
- The right bronchus subdivides into three secondary bronchi and the left into two, each entering into individual lobes of the lungs.
- The right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior), while the left lung has two (superior and inferior), divided by fissures.
- Each bronchus divides and sub-divides to form smaller bronchioles that terminate in alveoli, very small air sacs (around 500 million - 700 million alveoli in the lungs).
Lungs
- The lungs are spongy, highly elastic organs that occupy space not occupied by other structures.
- The lungs are divided into lobes, which are further divided by fissures.
- The lungs are enclosed in a double-walled membrane called the pleura. The pleural cavity is filled with lubricating fluid to facilitate smooth respiratory movements.
Mediastinum
- The mediastinum is the region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
- Important structures found within the mediastinum include the thymus, heart, great vessels, trachea, and esophagus.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structures and functions of the thoracic region. This quiz covers key anatomical landmarks, divisions of the sternum, and connections relevant to chest anatomy. Perfect for students studying anatomy or healthcare professionals.