Anatomy of the Superior Mediastinum
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Questions and Answers

Which structure does the esophagus deviate to the left and pass through the esophageal hiatus at the level of T10, anterior to?

  • Diaphragm
  • Aorta (correct)
  • Vertebral bodies
  • Left main bronchus
  • What is the primary posterior relationship of the esophagus?

  • Aorta
  • Diaphragm
  • Vertebral bodies
  • Base of heart (correct)
  • Where does the thoracic duct originate from?

  • Posterior mediastinum
  • Aortic hiatus
  • Cisternal chyli in the abdomen (correct)
  • Superior mediastinum
  • What is the thoracic duct usually beaded due to?

    <p>Numerous valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the superior mediastinum?

    <p>Superior to the transverse thoracic plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which vertebral level does the thoracic duct cross to the left, posterior to the esophagus and ascends into the superior mediastinum?

    <p>The vertebral level is not specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order of the major structures in the superior mediastinum, from anterior to posterior?

    <ol> <li>thymus, 2. veins, 3. arteries, 4. airway, 5. alimentary tract, 6. lymphatic trunks</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures does not receive lymph from the thoracic duct?

    <p>Right superior quadrant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary lymphoid organ located in the anterior mediastinum and inferior to the neck?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the veins of the thymus drain into?

    <p>Left branchiocephalic, internal thoracic, and inferior thyroid veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the right and left brachiocephalic veins?

    <p>Union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the lymph vessels of the thymus end in?

    <p>Parasternal, branchiocephalic, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tumor cells enter the systemic circulation and reach the lungs?

    <p>By invading the wall of a sinusoid or venule of the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymph nodes are often enlarged in bronchogenic carcinoma?

    <p>Supraclavicular lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the visceral pleura relatively insensitive to pain?

    <p>It receives no somatic nerve fibers for general sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the parietal pleura produces local pain, where will it be projected?

    <p>Dermatomes supplied by the same spinal cord segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dermatomes are affected if the costal and peripheral part of the diaphragmatic pleura is affected?

    <p>Thoracic and abdominal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where do the axio-appendicular muscles extend?

    <p>From the thoracic cage to the upper limb bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site of metastasis from breast cancer?

    <p>Axillary lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do cancer cells from breast spread to through venous routes?

    <p>Vertebrae and cranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boundary that divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior parts?

    <p>Transverse thoracic line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the mediastinum located?

    <p>In the central thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the superior termination point of the superior mediastinum?

    <p>Thoracic aperture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three compartments that the thoracic cavity is divided into?

    <p>Right and left pulmonary cavity, Central mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pleura covers the lungs and tracheobronchial tree?

    <p>Visceral pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can breast cancer in women spread to?

    <p>Axillary lymph nodes, bone, pleura, lung, and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the parietal pleura?

    <p>Endothoracic fascia, suprapleural membrane, and mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three parts of the parietal pleura?

    <p>Costal, diaphragmatic, and mediastinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you differentiate between parietal and visceral pleura?

    <p>By inserting a hand into a balloon and feeling the pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do lungs develop from during the embryonic period?

    <p>Pericardioperitoneal canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

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