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Questions and Answers
Where does the esophagus begin and end?
Where does the esophagus begin and end?
- Begins at the epiglottis and ends at the liver
- Begins at the cricoid cartilage of the larynx and ends at the cardia of the stomach (correct)
- Begins at the pharynx and ends at the larynx
- Begins at the thoracic inlet and ends at the abdomen
In which part of the esophagus does it narrow in ruminants and horses?
In which part of the esophagus does it narrow in ruminants and horses?
- Thoracic inlet (correct)
- Abdominal part
- Esophageal hiatus of diaphragm
- Cervical part
Why do horses exclusively breathe through their nose?
Why do horses exclusively breathe through their nose?
- Due to a narrow esophagus
- Due to their inability to voluntarily raise the soft palate (correct)
- Due to a blockage in the trachea
- Due to a dilated pharynx
Where is the esophagus located within the abdominal cavity?
Where is the esophagus located within the abdominal cavity?
What predisposes ruminants and horses to choke?
What predisposes ruminants and horses to choke?
Where is the stomach located in relation to the diaphragm?
Where is the stomach located in relation to the diaphragm?
What is the function of the pharynx?
What is the function of the pharynx?
Where does the ventral oropharynx extend to in the digestive channel?
Where does the ventral oropharynx extend to in the digestive channel?
What connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx?
What connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx?
Where does the laryngopharynx extend to?
Where does the laryngopharynx extend to?
In which animal is the soft palate described as extremely long and lying ventrally and in front of the tip of epiglottis?
In which animal is the soft palate described as extremely long and lying ventrally and in front of the tip of epiglottis?
What is the function of caudal nares?
What is the function of caudal nares?
What is the function of the neck cells in the fundic (gastric) glands of the stomach?
What is the function of the neck cells in the fundic (gastric) glands of the stomach?
Which part of the stomach is the distal opening surrounded by a strong band of circular smooth muscle fibers called pyloric sphincter?
Which part of the stomach is the distal opening surrounded by a strong band of circular smooth muscle fibers called pyloric sphincter?
In which species is gastric volvulus relatively common due to the wide cardia and C-shaped stomach?
In which species is gastric volvulus relatively common due to the wide cardia and C-shaped stomach?
What is the capacity range of a horse's stomach, which should be considered when administering a nasogastric tube?
What is the capacity range of a horse's stomach, which should be considered when administering a nasogastric tube?
In some horses, what marks the non-glandular region in the stomach lining?
In some horses, what marks the non-glandular region in the stomach lining?
Which part of the stomach is homologous to the forestomach in ruminants?
Which part of the stomach is homologous to the forestomach in ruminants?
Study Notes
Esophagus
- Begins at the larynx and ends at the stomach, approximately 25-30 cm in adult horses.
- Narrows in ruminants and horses at the esophageal sphincter, located near the heart and proximal to the diaphragm.
Breathing in Horses
- Horses exclusively breathe through their nose due to the position of their soft palate and the separation from their airways, which prevents aspiration of food.
Esophagus Location
- The esophagus is located dorsally within the abdominal cavity, running along the spinal column.
Choke Predispositions
- Ruminants and horses are predisposed to choke due to their evolutionary adaptations and feeding behaviors, such as rapid eating and the consumption of large volumes of dry food.
Stomach Location
- The stomach is located just below the diaphragm, positioned to the left side of the abdominal cavity.
Pharynx Function
- The pharynx serves as a passageway for both food and air, facilitating swallowing and respiration.
Ventral Oropharynx
- The ventral oropharynx extends to the level of the epiglottis in the digestive tract.
Connection from Oral Cavity
- The fauces connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx.
Laryngopharynx Extension
- The laryngopharynx extends to the esophagus and the trachea, allowing passage for food and air.
Long Soft Palate
- In horses, the soft palate is described as extremely long and lies ventrally and in front of the tip of the epiglottis.
Caudal Nares Function
- Caudal nares play a role in regulating airflow and olfactory senses, contributing to breathing efficiency.
Neck Cells Function
- Neck cells in the fundic gastric glands secrete mucus, providing protection for the stomach lining from acidic gastric juices.
Pyloric Sphincter
- The pyloric sphincter, a strong band of circular smooth muscle fibers, is located at the distal opening of the stomach, regulating the flow of chyme into the duodenum.
Gastric Volvulus
- Gastric volvulus, a condition where the stomach twists, is relatively common in species with a wide cardia and C-shaped stomach, like large breed dogs.
Horse Stomach Capacity
- A horse's stomach has a capacity range of approximately 8-15 liters, important for veterinarians to consider when administering nasogastric tubes.
Non-Glandular Region in Horses
- In some horses, a clear demarcation marks the non-glandular region of the stomach lining, differing from the glandular portion.
Stomach Homologous Part
- The glandular part of the horse's stomach is homologous to the forestomach of ruminants, reflecting similar functions in digestion.
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Description
Learn about the different parts of the stomach including the fundus, body, and pylorus. Understand their functions and anatomical features in relation to the digestive system.
