Anatomy of the Sternum
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the sternal angle?

  • To ossify the ribs
  • To serve as an attachment point for the costal cartilages
  • To facilitate movements of the rib cage (correct)
  • To provide structural support to the thoracic vertebrae

    • What is the meaning of the Latin word 'manus' in the context of the sternum?

  • Sharp point or sword
  • Dagger or blade
  • Main part or body
  • Hand or holder (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a part of the sternum?

  • Thoracic vertebrae (correct)
  • Manubrium sterni
  • Body of sternum
  • Xiphisternum (Xiphoid process)

    • What is unique about the 1st rib compared to other ribs?

    <p>It is flatter and has grooves and tubercles not seen on the others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do the costal cartilages fail to complete ossification?

    <p>Because ossification starts posteriorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ribs do not have tubercles and do not attach to anything anteriorly?

    <p>11th and 12th ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the discovery of the sternal angle?

    <p>Antoine Louis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the superior facet on the body of a thoracic vertebra?

    <p>To articulate with the head of the rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the xiphoid process in ancient Greek?

    <p>Xiphos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ribs has two facets on its head?

    <p>2nd rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the sternal angle in the elderly?

    <p>It ceases to function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who revealed the significance of the sternal angle in the 19th century?

    <p>Pierre-Charles Alexandre Louis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the joint formed between a rib and a thoracic vertebra?

    <p>Costovertebral joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ribs may occasionally articulate with the T10 vertebra only?

    <p>10th rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tubercle on the 1st rib?

    <p>To attach to the scalenus anterior muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the 11th and 12th ribs?

    <p>They only have a single facet on their head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the fractured ends of the ribs in both children and adults are rarely displaced?

    <p>Due to the presence of periosteum, connective tissues and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential complication of a fractured rib?

    <p>Lung collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main topic of the lecture series?

    <p>Respiratory System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After completing Part 2 of this lecture, what should you be able to do?

    <p>Name the parts of a rib, know which ribs are typical and which are atypical, and know which thoracic vertebrae are typical and which are atypical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Part 3 of the lecture series?

    <p>The basic arrangements of blood vessels, lymphatics and innervation of the chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the baby mentioned in the introduction?

    <p>To express relief that the baby is now safe in a foster home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of atypical ribs?

    <p>They have a different structure than typical ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of learning about the osteology of the chest wall?

    <p>It allows for a better understanding of respiratory system function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of blood supply to the pectoral region of the thoracic wall?

    <p>Branches of the axillary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the internal thoracic arteries?

    <p>Subclavian artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the internal thoracic veins drain into?

    <p>Brachiocephalic veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the posterior intercostal arteries in the intercostal space?

    <p>Between the 2nd and 3rd layer of intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the destination of the venae comitantes in the internal thoracic vessels?

    <p>Brachiocephalic veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of the internal thoracic artery that supplies the diaphragm and pericardium?

    <p>Pericardiacophrenic branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the thymus gland in the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Anteriorly in the thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries interact in the intercostal space?

    <p>They anastomose with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate drainage point for the posterior set of lymph nodes?

    <p>Thoracic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscles do the posterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves supply?

    <p>Post-vertebral muscles of the chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the safest place to insert needles into the chest wall, according to traditional consideration?

    <p>Above a rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct location to perform intercostal nerve blocks?

    <p>As far posteriorly as possible, but above and below the rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the collateral branches of the neurovascular bundle?

    <p>To run along the lower margin of the intercostal space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the interconnections between the anterior and posterior sets of lymph nodes?

    <p>They allow for the drainage of infection and cancers from one territory to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical structure that lies in the subcostal groove between the 2nd and 3rd layers of muscles?

    <p>Neurovascular bundle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each intercostal nerve supplies:

    <p>A single dermatome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Sternum

    • The sternum consists of three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphisternum (or xiphoid process)
    • These parts are linked together by secondary cartilaginous joints
    • The manubrium is the handle of the dagger, and manus translates as hands, with a manubrium being a handle or holder
    • The joint between the manubrium and the body is the sternal angle, also known as the angle of Louis

    The Rib Cage

    • The rib cage comprises the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
    • The costal cartilages are the unossified parts of the ribs
    • Ossification starts posteriorly but fails to complete the task

    Osteology: Atypical Ribs

    • The 1st rib is short, strong, flat, and very curved, with a tubercle for scalenus anterior, a single facet on the head, and grooves for subclavian vessels
    • The 2nd rib has a tubercle for scalenus posterior and serratus anterior
    • The 10th rib is only sometimes atypical, as it may occasionally articulate with the T10 vertebra only
    • The 11th and 12th ribs do not have tubercles and have no anterior attachments, with only a single facet on their head

    Articular Facets on Vertebra

    • Superior facet for the head of the rib
    • Inferior facet for the rib below
    • Each typical rib articulates with the superior facet on the body at that level and the inferior facet of the vertebra above

    Vasculature of the Chest Wall

    • The thoracic wall receives blood supply from at least three sources: axillary artery, internal thoracic arteries, and thoracic aorta
    • Internal thoracic arteries give rise to anterior intercostal arteries, whilst the aorta gives rise to posterior intercostal arteries
    • These anastomose with each other within the intercostal space

    Internal Thoracic (Mammary) Vessels

    • Internal thoracic arteries arise as branches of the subclavian artery
    • Veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins at the root of the neck
    • Veins lie either side of the artery as a venae comitantes, which unite before entering the brachiocephalic veins

    Lymphatics of the Chest Wall

    • The lower nodes on the right side drain into the thoracic duct
    • There are interconnections between the anterior and posterior sets of lymph nodes, allowing infection and cancers to spread
    • Mostly, the drainage is via the bronchomediastinal lymph trunks

    Nerve Supply of the Chest Wall

    • Intercostal nerves are the anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves
    • Posterior rami supply the post-vertebral muscles of the chest and the skin overlying these
    • Anterior rami supply the intrinsic muscles of the chest and associated skin
    • The neurovascular bundle (vein, artery, and nerve) lies in the subcostal groove, between the 2nd and 3rd layers of muscles covering the space between the ribs

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    Description

    This quiz covers the different parts of the sternum, including the manubrium sterni, sternal angle, body of sternum, and xiphisternum. It also touches on the composition of the rib cage.

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