Anatomy of the Skull and Neck

Bones of the Skull

• Cranium: 8 bones that form the vault of the skull
  • Frontal bone
  • Parietal bone (2)
  • Occipital bone
  • Temporal bone (2)
  • Sphenoid bone
  • Ethmoid bone
• Face: 14 bones that form the facial structure
  • Vomer
  • Zygoma (2)
  • Maxilla (2)
  • Lacrimal bone (2)
  • Palatine bone (2)
  • Inferior nasal conchae (2)
  • Nasal bone (2)
  • Mandible (lower jawbone)

Muscles of the Head and Neck

• Extrinsic muscles: move the head and neck
  • Sternocleidomastoid muscle
  • Scalene muscles (3)
  • Splenius capitis muscle
  • Suboccipital muscles (4)
• Intrinsic muscles: move the face and eyes
  • Facial muscles (e.g. zygomaticus major, orbicularis oculi)
  • Extraocular muscles (e.g. rectus muscles, obliques)

Blood Supply and Nerve Supply

• Arterial supply:
  • Internal carotid artery
  • External carotid artery
• Venous drainage:
  • Internal jugular vein
  • External jugular vein
• Nerve supply:
  • Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
  • Spinal nerves (C1-C8)

Lymphatic System

• Cervical lymph nodes: drain the head and neck
  • Superficial nodes (e.g. submandibular, submental)
  • Deep nodes (e.g. jugulodigastric, jugulo-omohyoid)

Other Key Structures

• Thyroid gland: located in the neck, regulates metabolism
• Parathyroid glands: located near the thyroid gland, regulate calcium levels
• Salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands produce saliva

Bones of the Skull

• The cranium consists of 8 bones that form the vault of the skull
• The 8 bones of the cranium are: frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, occipital bone, 2 temporal bones, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone
• The face is composed of 14 bones that form the facial structure
• The 14 bones of the face include: vomer, 2 zygoma, 2 maxilla, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 palatine bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 2 nasal bones, and mandible (lower jawbone)

Muscles of the Head and Neck

• Extrinsic muscles are responsible for moving the head and neck
• Examples of extrinsic muscles include: sternocleidomastoid muscle, 3 scalene muscles, splenius capitis muscle, and 4 suboccipital muscles
• Intrinsic muscles are responsible for moving the face and eyes
• Examples of intrinsic muscles include: facial muscles (e.g. zygomaticus major, orbicularis oculi) and extraocular muscles (e.g. rectus muscles, obliques)

Blood Supply and Nerve Supply

• The head and neck receive blood from the internal carotid artery and external carotid artery
• Deoxygenated blood from the head and neck is drained by the internal jugular vein and external jugular vein
• The head and neck are supplied by 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 8 cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8)

Lymphatic System

• The cervical lymph nodes drain the head and neck
• The cervical lymph nodes include superficial nodes (e.g. submandibular, submental) and deep nodes (e.g. jugulodigastric, jugulo-omohyoid)

Other Key Structures

• The thyroid gland is located in the neck and regulates metabolism
• The parathyroid glands are located near the thyroid gland and regulate calcium levels
• The salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands) produce saliva

This quiz covers the bones of the skull, including the cranium and face, as well as the muscles of the head and neck. Learn about the different bones and muscles that make up this complex region of the human body.