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Questions and Answers
What is the sacral plexus formed by?
What is the sacral plexus formed by?
What is the sciatic nerve?
What is the sciatic nerve?
What is the largest nerve in the body composed of?
What is the largest nerve in the body composed of?
Where does the abdominal aorta divide into?
Where does the abdominal aorta divide into?
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What becomes the femoral artery as it passes behind the inguinal ligament?
What becomes the femoral artery as it passes behind the inguinal ligament?
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What does the popliteal artery divide into?
What does the popliteal artery divide into?
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What supplies the medial side of the big toe?
What supplies the medial side of the big toe?
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What forms the plantar arch?
What forms the plantar arch?
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Which nerve supplies the nail beds and tips of the toes?
Which nerve supplies the nail beds and tips of the toes?
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What is similar to the median nerve?
What is similar to the median nerve?
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What is the purpose of the arches in the foot?
What is the purpose of the arches in the foot?
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What percentage of body weight is normally carried by the heel?
What percentage of body weight is normally carried by the heel?
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What type of bone is the femur?
What type of bone is the femur?
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What is the function of the patella?
What is the function of the patella?
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What is the name of the bone that connects the sacrum to the femur?
What is the name of the bone that connects the sacrum to the femur?
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What is the name of the bone that forms the ankle joint?
What is the name of the bone that forms the ankle joint?
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What is the name of the bony prominence on the medial side of the ankle?
What is the name of the bony prominence on the medial side of the ankle?
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What is the name of the bone that forms the heel of the foot?
What is the name of the bone that forms the heel of the foot?
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What is the insertion of the Gracilis muscle?
What is the insertion of the Gracilis muscle?
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What type of joint is the knee joint?
What type of joint is the knee joint?
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Which muscles are responsible for flexion of the knee joint?
Which muscles are responsible for flexion of the knee joint?
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What is the patella involved in?
What is the patella involved in?
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Which muscle is responsible for extension of the knee joint?
Which muscle is responsible for extension of the knee joint?
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What is the adductor hiatus?
What is the adductor hiatus?
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What are the actions of the Gracilis muscle?
What are the actions of the Gracilis muscle?
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What is the complexity of the knee joint?
What is the complexity of the knee joint?
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Study Notes
Sacral Plexus
- Formed by superior gluteal nerve, sciatic nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh, and common peroneal nerve.
Sciatic Nerve
- A terminal branch of the sacral plexus.
- Emerges from the pelvis through the lower part of the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis muscle.
- The largest nerve in the body, consisting of the tibial and common peroneal nerves bound together with fascia.
- Commonly terminates in the middle of the thigh by dividing into tibial nerve (medial popliteal nerve) and common peroneal nerve (lateral popliteal nerve, also called common fibular nerve).
Lumbosacral Plexus
- No additional information.
Blood Supply of the Lower Limbs
- The abdominal aorta divides into right and left common iliac arteries at the level of L4.
- Each common iliac artery divides into external and internal iliac arteries.
- The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery as it passes behind the inguinal ligament.
- The internal iliac artery shares in the blood supply of the lower limb through its branches, such as the superior and inferior gluteal arteries and obturator artery.
- The femoral artery begins at the mid-inguinal point and ends at the opening in the adductor magnus, where it becomes the popliteal artery.
- The popliteal artery ends at the lower border of the popliteus muscle by dividing into anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
- The anterior tibial artery supplies the anterior compartment of the leg and terminates in front of the ankle joint by becoming the dorsalis pedis artery.
- The posterior tibial artery supplies the posterior and lateral compartments of the leg and ends deep to the flexor retinaculum by dividing into medial and lateral plantar arteries.
Arteries of the Sole of the Foot
- Medial plantar artery supplies the medial side of the big toe.
- Lateral plantar artery forms the plantar arch.
- Dorsalis pedis artery is the dorsal artery of the foot, which joins the lateral plantar artery on entering the sole between the two heads of the first dorsal interosseous muscle.
Nerves of the Sole of the Foot
- Medial plantar nerve supplies the nail beds and the tips of the toes, similar to the median nerve.
- Lateral plantar nerve supplies the lateral side of the foot.
Thigh Muscles
- Gracilis muscle:
- Insertion: Upper part of shaft of tibia on medial surface (SGS area).
- Actions: Adducts thigh at hip joint, flexes leg at knee joint.
Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Thigh
- No additional information.
Knee Joint
- A modified hinge joint consisting of two condylar joints between the medial and lateral condyles of the femur and the condyles of the tibia, and a gliding joint between the patella and the patellar surface of the femur.
- Movements: flexion, extension, produced by the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gracilis, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris muscles.
Bones of the Lower Limb
- Femur (thigh bone):
- Upper end: head, neck, greater trochanter, and lesser trochanter.
- Shaft or body.
- Lower end: medial condyle, lateral condyle, and lateral epicondyle.
- Patella (kneecap): a triangular sesamoid bone contained within the patellar ligament.
- Tibia (shin bone):
- Upper end: medial condyle, lateral condyle, and tuberosity.
- Shaft or body.
- Lower end: medial malleolus and lateral malleolus.
- Fibula (outer lower leg bone):
- Upper end: head, neck, and lateral malleolus.
- Shaft or body.
- Lower end: lateral malleolus.
- Foot bones:
- Talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, and five metatarsal bones.
- Phalanges (toe bones): proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.
Arches of the Foot
- The bones of the foot are arranged in two arches that are held in position by ligaments and tendons.
- The arches provide an ideal distribution of body weight over the soft and hard tissues of the foot.
- Normally, the ball of the foot carries about 40% of the weight, and the heel carries about 60%.
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Description
This quiz covers the formation and components of the sacral plexus, including the superior gluteal nerve, sciatic nerve, and more. Test your knowledge of the gluteal region and lumbosacral plexus.