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Questions and Answers
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Which structure does the superficial layer of deep cervical fascia NOT cover?
Which structure does the superficial layer of deep cervical fascia NOT cover?
What function does the fascia of the neck serve?
What function does the fascia of the neck serve?
What separates the two major fascial compartments of the neck?
What separates the two major fascial compartments of the neck?
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Which additional structures does the pretracheal fascia enclose?
Which additional structures does the pretracheal fascia enclose?
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Which muscles are encased in the superficial layer of deep cervical fascia?
Which muscles are encased in the superficial layer of deep cervical fascia?
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What is primarily contained within the anterior compartment of the neck?
What is primarily contained within the anterior compartment of the neck?
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Which muscle is NOT part of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Which muscle is NOT part of the posterior triangle of the neck?
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Which nerves originate from the ventral rami of the C2 and C3 spinal nerves?
Which nerves originate from the ventral rami of the C2 and C3 spinal nerves?
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Which structure is NOT surrounded by the carotid sheath?
Which structure is NOT surrounded by the carotid sheath?
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What is the primary function of the phrenic nerve?
What is the primary function of the phrenic nerve?
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Which cranial nerve is also known as the spinal accessory nerve?
Which cranial nerve is also known as the spinal accessory nerve?
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What does the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia envelop?
What does the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia envelop?
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Which nerve is primarily responsible for sensory innervation to the auricle and around the ear?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for sensory innervation to the auricle and around the ear?
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What is the primary function of the retropharyngeal space?
What is the primary function of the retropharyngeal space?
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Which of the following nerves is associated with the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia?
Which of the following nerves is associated with the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia?
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What is the main pathway for the phrenic nerve to reach the diaphragm?
What is the main pathway for the phrenic nerve to reach the diaphragm?
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Which spinal segments contribute to the formation of the ansa cervicalis?
Which spinal segments contribute to the formation of the ansa cervicalis?
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Which of the following structures is embedded in the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia?
Which of the following structures is embedded in the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia?
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Which muscle is NOT listed in association with the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia?
Which muscle is NOT listed in association with the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia?
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Which nerve provides motor innervation to the infrahyoid muscles?
Which nerve provides motor innervation to the infrahyoid muscles?
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What is the cervical plexus primarily responsible for?
What is the cervical plexus primarily responsible for?
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What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve primarily innervate?
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve primarily innervate?
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What is the significance of the tubular fascial investment?
What is the significance of the tubular fascial investment?
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Which nerve loops around the subclavian artery before continuing to the larynx?
Which nerve loops around the subclavian artery before continuing to the larynx?
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Which muscle is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Which muscle is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?
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What is the primary function of the nasopharynx?
What is the primary function of the nasopharynx?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in the innervation of the larynx?
Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in the innervation of the larynx?
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Which section of the pharynx is posterior to the mouth?
Which section of the pharynx is posterior to the mouth?
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What connects the nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity?
What connects the nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity?
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Which laryngeal nerve is responsible for motor innervation to most laryngeal muscles?
Which laryngeal nerve is responsible for motor innervation to most laryngeal muscles?
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What muscle opens the pharyngotympanic tube?
What muscle opens the pharyngotympanic tube?
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Which of the following arteries is a branch of the subclavian artery's 1st part?
Which of the following arteries is a branch of the subclavian artery's 1st part?
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What major change occurs to the subclavian artery as it crosses the first rib?
What major change occurs to the subclavian artery as it crosses the first rib?
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Which artery is part of the thyrocervical trunk branching from the subclavian artery?
Which artery is part of the thyrocervical trunk branching from the subclavian artery?
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Which artery is located under the anterior scalene muscle in relation to the subclavian artery's segments?
Which artery is located under the anterior scalene muscle in relation to the subclavian artery's segments?
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The suprascapular artery is a branch of which specific section of the subclavian artery?
The suprascapular artery is a branch of which specific section of the subclavian artery?
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What is the relationship of the subclavian artery to the anterior scalene muscle?
What is the relationship of the subclavian artery to the anterior scalene muscle?
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Which artery is NOT a branch of the 2nd part of the subclavian artery?
Which artery is NOT a branch of the 2nd part of the subclavian artery?
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Which artery branches off from the costocervical trunk?
Which artery branches off from the costocervical trunk?
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Which cranial nerve innervates the tensor veli palatini muscle?
Which cranial nerve innervates the tensor veli palatini muscle?
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What is the primary function of the internal musculature of the pharynx?
What is the primary function of the internal musculature of the pharynx?
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Which muscle of the pharynx is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
Which muscle of the pharynx is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
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What is the role of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?
What is the role of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?
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Which part of the pharynx is a continuation of the oral part?
Which part of the pharynx is a continuation of the oral part?
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What function do the external muscles of the pharynx have collectively?
What function do the external muscles of the pharynx have collectively?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of the pharynx?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of the pharynx?
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What anatomical structure connects the epiglottis to the root of the tongue?
What anatomical structure connects the epiglottis to the root of the tongue?
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Study Notes
Posterior Triangle of the Neck & Pharynx
- The posterior triangle is a region of the neck.
- Boundaries include the Trapezius, SCM, and Clavicle.
- Structures within the posterior triangle include the SCM (sternocleidomastoid) and Trapezius muscles.
- Other structures such as nerves and vessels are also present here.
Fascial Planes of the Neck
- Neck fascia contains muscles and viscera.
- Fascia allows structures to slide smoothly over each other.
- Fascia serves as a pathway for neurovascular structures.
- Two major fascial compartments are separated by the retropharyngeal space: anterior (pretracheal) and posterior (prevertebral).
- Superficial layer of deep (investing) cervical fascia encloses and covers structures.
- It surrounds the SCM and Trapezius muscles.
- It is a single sheet of fascia, around both the anterior and posterior triangles.
Scalene Muscles
- Anterior Scalene: Originates from transverse processes (anterior tubercles) of cervical vertebrae and inserts into the first rib. Innervated by cervical spinal nerves C3-6. Action: unilaterally laterally flexes the neck to the same side; bilaterally elevates the first rib during inhalation, and flexes the neck.
- Middle Scalene: Originates from transverse processes (posterior tubercles) of cervical vertebrae and inserts into the first rib. Innervated by cervical spinal nerves C3-8. Action: unilaterally laterally flexes the neck to same side; bilaterally elevates the first rib during inhalation and flexes the neck.
- Posterior Scalene: Originates from transverse processes (posterior tubercles) of cervical vertebrae and inserts into the second rib. Innervated by cervical spinal nerves C7-8, but also C3-8 (other references state). Action: unilaterally laterally flexes the neck to same side; bilaterally elevates the second rib during inhalation and flexes the neck.
Roots of Brachial Plexus & Key Relationships
- The roots of the brachial plexus and subclavian artery travel between the anterior and middle scalene muscles.
- The brachial plexus passes under the clavicle and the pectoralis minor.
Thoracic Outlet
- Interscalene triangle, costoclavicular triangle, and subcoracoid space are clinical relevant areas for potential neurovascular compression.
Scalene Muscles & Key Relationships
- There are three scalene muscles: anterior, middle, and posterior.
Deep Muscles of the Neck (Prevertebral Muscles)
- Longus Colli: Spans from anterior vertebral bodies of C1-C6. Its action is lateral flexion (unilaterally) and flexion (bilaterally) of the head and neck. It is innervated by the anterior primary rami of C2-6 spinal nerves.
- Longus Capitis: Originates from the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and inserts into the occipital bone. Its action is lateral flexion (unilaterally) and flexion (bilaterally) of the head and neck. It is innervated by the anterior primary rami of C1-3 spinal nerves.
- Rectus Capitis Anterior: Originates from the base of the cranium and inserts into the transverse process of C1. Action: flexes the head.
- Rectus Capitis Lateralis: Originates from base of cranium and inserts into the transverse process of C1. Action: flexes the head and also stabilizes it.
Cervical Plexus - Nerves in the Posterior Triangle
- Nerves in posterior triangle include Great Auricular , Lesser Occipital, Transverse Cervical, and Supraclavicular nerves.
- These nerves provide sensory innervation in that region (and nearby).
Phrenic Nerve
- C3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive.
- The phrenic nerve provides motor innervation to the diaphragm.
Occipital Nerves
- The greater, lesser, and third occipital nerves are sensory.
- Greater occipital nerve: arises from C2/C3 ventral rami.
- Lesser occipital nerve: arises from C2 ventral rami.
- Third occipital nerve: arises from C3 ventral rami.
Suboccipital Nerve
- Arise from posterior rami of C1.
- Innervate suboccipital muscles (used for postural control of the head).
Vasculature in the Deep Neck
- Common carotid arteries: supply organs outside the cranium.
- Internal carotid arteries: supply organs inside the cranium
Subclavian Artery
- Arises from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and the arch of aorta on the left.
- Travels deep to the anterior scalene.
- 3 parts related to the anterior scalene.
- It branches into other vessels in the arm, etc.
Subclavian Vein
- Direct continuation of the axillary vein.
- Located laterally to the 1st rib.
- Separated from subclavian artery by the anterior scalene muscle.
- Joins with the internal jugular vein at the venous angle.
Lymph System
- Right lymphatic duct: drains upper right body quadrant. Enters right venous angle.
- Thoracic duct: drains rest of the body. Enters left venous angle.
Pharynx & Larynx
- Pharynx: a tube-like structure that is a part of both digestive and respiratory systems. It extends from the base of the skull to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (upper portion of the trachea).
- Subsections to the pharynx include nasal, oral, and laryngeal pharynx.
- Larynx contains cartilages, muscles, and is involved in breathing, swallowing, and phonation.
Laryngeal Cartilages
- The larynx has various cartilages that provide structure and support for the larynx.
- These structures include thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, and arytenoid cartilages among others.
Vagus Nerve & Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves
- The vagus nerve travels with the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein in the carotid sheath.
- Right/Left vagus nerve loops around the subclavian artery and continues to the larynx, branching into recurrent laryngeal nerves.
Laryngeal Nerves
- Superior laryngeal nerve (from vagus): Internal branch (sensory) and External branch (cricothyroid m.).
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve (from vagus): Motor to larynx muscles (except for cricothyroid innervated by external branch superior laryngeal n).
Muscles of the Larynx
- Cricothyroid, Posterior Cricoarytenoid, Transverse Arytenoid, Thyroarytenoid, Lateral Cricoarytenoid, and Oblique Arytenoid are among the muscles of the larynx.
- These muscles control vocalization and breathing.
Lab
- Dissect the deep structures of the neck.
- Remove the middle third of the clavicle.
- Observe the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus, Scalenes/phrenic n, and Subclavian a.
- Review the larynx.
- Review previous labs.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomical structures and fascia of the neck. This quiz covers various aspects, including boundaries, functions, and compartments. Perfect for students of anatomy or those interested in human biology.
