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Questions and Answers
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (correct)
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Cuboidal epithelium
What is the function of the vibrissae in the nasal cavity?
What is the function of the vibrissae in the nasal cavity?
- To act as resonating chambers for vocal quality (correct)
- To filter dust particles from the air
- To sense changes in air pressure
- To aid in the detection of odors
What is the function of the nasal cavity in the respiratory system?
What is the function of the nasal cavity in the respiratory system?
- To warm and humidify the air (correct)
- To filter out oxygen from the air
- To detect odors in the air
- To remove carbon dioxide from the air
What is the name of the region of the pharynx that lies above the point where food enters?
What is the name of the region of the pharynx that lies above the point where food enters?
What is the function of the cilia in the nasal cavity?
What is the function of the cilia in the nasal cavity?
What is the function of the Goblet cells in the nasal cavity?
What is the function of the Goblet cells in the nasal cavity?
What is the function of the sebaceous glands in the nasal cavity?
What is the function of the sebaceous glands in the nasal cavity?
What is the common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems?
What is the common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems?
What is the function of the epiglottis during swallowing?
What is the function of the epiglottis during swallowing?
What type of cartilage is the epiglottis composed of?
What type of cartilage is the epiglottis composed of?
What is the connection between the pharynx and trachea?
What is the connection between the pharynx and trachea?
What is the function of the soft palate and epiglottis during swallowing?
What is the function of the soft palate and epiglottis during swallowing?
What is the structure of the larynx?
What is the structure of the larynx?
What is the name of the cartilage that anchors the vocal cords?
What is the name of the cartilage that anchors the vocal cords?
What is the nasopharynx blocked from during swallowing?
What is the nasopharynx blocked from during swallowing?
What is the name of the structure that separates the digestive and respiratory systems?
What is the name of the structure that separates the digestive and respiratory systems?
What is the total volume of air that is forcefully expired after normal expiration or beyond the tidal volume?
What is the total volume of air that is forcefully expired after normal expiration or beyond the tidal volume?
What is the volume of air in the lungs that prevents lung collapse?
What is the volume of air in the lungs that prevents lung collapse?
What is the process by which gases are exchanged between alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries?
What is the process by which gases are exchanged between alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries?
What is the estimated value of IRV in the given graph?
What is the estimated value of IRV in the given graph?
What is the total amount of air a person can inspire after normal inspiration?
What is the total amount of air a person can inspire after normal inspiration?
What is the estimated value of RV in the given example?
What is the estimated value of RV in the given example?
What is the volume of air remaining in the respiratory passage and the lungs after maximum expiration?
What is the volume of air remaining in the respiratory passage and the lungs after maximum expiration?
What is the process by which oxygen is released at high temperatures?
What is the process by which oxygen is released at high temperatures?
What type of neurons are involved in transmitting signals from the peripheral chemoreceptors to the respiratory center?
What type of neurons are involved in transmitting signals from the peripheral chemoreceptors to the respiratory center?
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
What is the primary function of the respiratory center?
What is the primary function of the respiratory center?
What type of neurons are involved in transmitting signals from the respiratory center to the respiratory muscles?
What type of neurons are involved in transmitting signals from the respiratory center to the respiratory muscles?
What happens when there is a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood?
What happens when there is a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood?
Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
What is the primary stimulus for the respiratory center to increase ventilation?
What is the primary stimulus for the respiratory center to increase ventilation?
What type of nerve transmits signals from the respiratory muscles to the brain?
What type of nerve transmits signals from the respiratory muscles to the brain?
What is the function of granulocytes in the body?
What is the function of granulocytes in the body?
What is the name of the cell that is the precursor to lymphocytes?
What is the name of the cell that is the precursor to lymphocytes?
What is the characteristic of the nucleus of basophils?
What is the characteristic of the nucleus of basophils?
What is the size of granulocytes?
What is the size of granulocytes?
What is the result of the differentiation of multipotential hematopoietic stem cells?
What is the result of the differentiation of multipotential hematopoietic stem cells?
What is the function of lymphocytes in the body?
What is the function of lymphocytes in the body?
What is the characteristic of the cytoplasmic granules of granulocytes?
What is the characteristic of the cytoplasmic granules of granulocytes?
What is the name of the stem cell that gives rise to all types of blood cells?
What is the name of the stem cell that gives rise to all types of blood cells?
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Study Notes
Nasal Cavity
- Lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands, numerous hair follicles called vibrissae, and filters out particles from the inspired air
- Acts as a resonating chamber, affecting vocal quality
Pharynx
- Common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems
- Passageway for air and food
- 3 regions: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx
- Nasopharynx: air conduit, extends from the nasal cavity to the level of the uvula, lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing Goblet cells which secrete mucus
Larynx
- Connects the pharynx to the trachea, also known as the voice box
- Composed of light cartilages connected by muscles and ligaments
- All laryngeal cartilages are composed of hyaline cartilage except for the epiglottis, which is composed of elastic cartilage
- Epiglottis: 9th cartilage, inferior margin attached to the thyroid cartilage, superior part projects as a free flap toward the tongue, covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering
Respiratory Volumes
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): the forceful inhalation beyond tidal volume
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): the total volume of air that is forcefully expired after normal expiration or beyond the tidal volume
- Residual Volume (RV): the volume of air in the lungs that prevents lung collapse, remains in the respiratory passage and the lungs after maximum expiration
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC): the amount of air a person can inspire after normal inspiration
Gas Exchange
- Occurs primarily through diffusion
- Diffusion of gases between alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
- Influenced by: Respiratory membrane thickness, temperature, and oxygen levels in the blood
Respiratory Center
- Located in the medulla and pons of the brain
- Controls the activity of respiration or the respiratory muscles
- Responds to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood
- Peripheral chemoreceptors: located in the carotid and aortic bodies, sensitive to low levels of oxygen and high levels of carbon dioxide
- Central chemoreceptors: located in the medulla, sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide level in the blood
Blood Cells
- Monophonic theory of hematopoiesis: Hemocytoblast or pluripotent stem cells differentiate into specific mature blood cells
- 5 types of white blood cells: Granulocytes, Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, and Lymphocytes
- Neutrophils: nucleus with two to four lobes, cytoplasmic granules stain a light pink or reddish purple, function: phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances
- Basophils: nucleus with two indistinct lobes, cytoplasmic granules stain blue purple, function: unknown
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