184 Questions
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
To break down food and utilize its energy
Which part of the digestive tract is responsible for the mechanical digestion of food through chewing?
Oral cavity
What is the term for the movement of food through the digestive tract by alternate contraction and relaxation?
Peristalsis
What is the primary function of bile salts in the digestive process?
Emulsify fats
What is the main difference between the liver and the gallbladder in terms of bile storage?
The liver produces bile, while the gallbladder stores it
Which layer of the digestive tract contains blood vessels?
Submucosa
What is the term for the lining of the peritoneal cavity?
Visceral peritoneum
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
Regulation of blood pressure
Which part of the digestive tract is responsible for the absorption of nutrients?
Small intestine
What is the primary function of the pancreatic enzyme trypsin?
Digestion of proteins
What is the term for the process by which Kupffer cells engulf and digest worn-out or dying cells?
Phagocytosis
What is the term for the elimination of indigestible substances from the body?
Defecation
What is the main reason for the formation of gallstones?
Drastic dieting
Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for contraction and relaxation?
Muscularis
What is the term for the tube that connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct?
Cystic duct
What is the primary function of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreatic secretions?
Neutralization of acidic chyme
What is the primary function of the omental appendices?
To store fat for energy
What is the main difference between loose stool and diarrhea?
Diarrhea is a result of insufficient water absorption, while loose stool is a result of insufficient water absorption and an underlying infection
What is the name of the smooth muscle that controls the anal sphincter?
Internal anal sphincter
What is the name of the structure that forms the last 15 cm of the digestive tract?
Rectum
What is the function of the hausta?
To permit the colon to expand and elongate
What is the term for the longitudinal bands of muscularis externa along the outer surface of the colon?
Teniae coli
What is the result of too much water being absorbed by the large intestine?
Constipation
What is the term for the exit of the anal canal?
Anal orifice
What is the primary function of HCI produced by Parietal Cells in the stomach?
Kills bacteria and stops C6H12O6 digestion by inactivating salivary amylase
What is the consequence of the failure of Vitamin B12 absorption?
Pernicious Anemia
Which type of cells in the stomach produces pepsinogen that aids in the breakdown of proteins?
Chief Cells
What is the main function of the Small Intestine in the digestive system?
Segmentation and mixing of chyme with digestive juices
What percentage of nutrients and water are absorbed in the Small Intestine?
90%
What is the term for the reverse movement of food brought about by a signal from the medulla?
Reverse Peristalsis
What is the term for the wound inside the stomach caused by H.pylori bacteria?
Gastric Ulcers
What is the length of the Small Intestine?
6 meters
What is the function of villi and microvilli in the intestine?
To increase the surface area for absorption
What is the function of the Ileocecal valve?
To prevent backflow of feces into the small intestine
What is the primary function of the Large Intestine?
To absorb water, ions, and vitamins
What is the function of Payers Patches in the Large Intestine?
To produce immune cells
What is the movement of fecal material in the Large Intestine?
Sluggish
What is the term for the formation of feces in the Large Intestine?
Defecation
What is the function of the appendix in the Large Intestine?
To aid in immunity
What does unusual stool indicate about the Large Intestine?
That there is something wrong with it
What is the primary function of the gonads in the male reproductive system?
Production of gametes and androgens
What is the purpose of the epididymis in the male reproductive tract?
To store and mature sperm
What is the function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
To secrete mucous to aid in sperm transport
What is the endocrine function of the gonads?
Production of testosterone and gametogenesis
What is the purpose of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To regulate the temperature of the testes
What is the purpose of the vas deferens in the male reproductive tract?
To transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?
To secrete mucous to aid in sperm transport
What is the purpose of the tunica albuginea in the male reproductive anatomy?
To enclose and protect the testes
What is the function of the tight junctions between Sertoli cells?
To form a blood-testis barrier and control the availability of nutrients to the germ cells
What is the function of Sertoli cells?
To guide sperm cells towards the lumen
What is the velocity of movement of sperm cells?
1-4 mm/min
What is the function of adherens and gap junctions between Sertoli cells and sperm cells?
To provide a specialized, immunologically safe microenvironment for developing sperm
What is the number of microtubules in the axoneme of a sperm cell's flagellum?
11
What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?
To control the availability of nutrients to the germ cells
What is the origin of spermatozoa?
Spermatogonia
What is the process by which sperm cells develop from spermatogonia?
Spermatogenesis
What is the primary function of Sertoli cells in the testis?
To produce androgen-binding protein (ABP) to maintain high androgen levels
Which cells in the male reproductive tract are responsible for converting testosterone to estradiol?
Aromatase-expressing cells
What is the primary function of the epididymis in the male reproductive tract?
To provide a medium for sperm to develop motility
What is the role of Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) during embryonic development?
To inhibit the development of the Mullerian ducts
Which cells in the male reproductive tract express LH receptors and produce testosterone?
Leydig cells
What is the function of inhibin in the male reproductive tract?
To provide negative feedback to FSH
What is the role of the peritubular compartment in the male reproductive tract?
To support the structural integrity of the seminiferous tubules
What is the primary function of Leydig cells in the male reproductive tract?
To produce testosterone and other androgens
What percentage of excreted androgens are found as urinary 17-ketosteroids?
50%
Where does feedback occur from in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis?
Peripheral T
What is the main component of seminal plasma?
Seminal plasma proteins
What is the volume of semen after several days of abstinence?
2.5-3.5 mL
What is the function of Prostate Specific Antigen?
Coagulate semen
What controls the spenal cord during erection?
Sacral spinal cord
What is the main function of the peritubular compartment in the male reproductive system?
To provide nutrition to sperm cells
What is the result of excess negative feedback in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis?
Decreased intratesticular T
Which gland is located inferior to the seminal vesicle in the male reproductive system?
Prostate gland
Which glands produce secretions that make up seminal plasma?
Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
What is the function of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive system?
To support spermatogenesis
What is the name of the tube that connects the epididymis to the vas deferens?
Epididymal duct
What is the main function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
To store and mature sperm cells
Which structure is located outside the body cavity and is part of the male reproductive system?
Penis
What is the function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To support and protect the testes
How do sperm cells travel from the testes to the epididymis?
Through the epididymal duct
What is the primary function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
To facilitate sperm maturation and improve motility
What is the role of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?
To propel sperm into the prostatic urethra during ejaculation
What is the function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
To secrete fructose and other nutrients for sperm
What is the primary function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?
To secrete mucus that helps to lubricate the urethra during ejaculation
What is the significance of luminal testosterone-androgen binding protein complexes in the epididymis?
They facilitate sperm maturation
What is the characteristic of the epithelial lining of the epididymis?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is the structure that surrounds the testicular vessel in the male reproductive system?
Cremaster muscle
What is the primary function of the Peritubular Compartment in the male reproductive tract?
to provide structural support to the seminiferous tubules
What is the role of Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) during embryonic development?
to inhibit the development of female reproductive organs
What is the function of Leydig cells in the male reproductive tract?
to produce testosterone through steroidogenic enzymes
What is the outcome of failure of negative feedback to FSH?
unregulated spermatogenesis
What is the function of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive tract?
to facilitate spermatogenesis through tight junctions
What is the primary function of the epididymis in the male reproductive tract?
to facilitate the maturation of sperm cells
What is the role of inhibin in the male reproductive tract?
to inhibit the production of FSH
What is the purpose of the corpus spongiosum in the male reproductive organ?
To provide structural support to the glans penis
What is the primary function of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?
To produce alkaline secretions that make up 20-30% of semen volume
What is the role of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?
To secrete lubricating mucus during sexual arousal
What is the term for the distal end of the male reproductive organ?
Glans penis
What is the function of the fibrous connective tissue capsule that surrounds the prostate gland?
To provide structural support to the prostate gland
What is the term for the removal of the foreskin through a surgical procedure?
Circumcision
What is the term for the expansion on the side of the glans penis?
Glans expansion
What is the primary mechanism by which arteriolar dilation leads to engorgement of cavernous tissue?
Cavernous engorgement presses on veins in the penis, thus reducing venous drainage
Under which type of nervous control is the release of NO and VIP observed?
Parasympathetic control
What is the primary function of the secretion from the bulbourethral glands?
Aiding in lubrication during sexual intercourse
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for the relaxation of cavernous smooth muscle?
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
What is the primary source of lubrication during sexual intercourse?
Female reproductive organs
What is the consequence of inadequate lubrication during sexual intercourse?
Pain and inhibited sexual sensations
Which type of muscle is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of the cavernous tissue?
Smooth muscle
What is the primary function of the urethral glands?
Secretion of mucus or 'pre-cum'
Under which type of nervous control is the release of NO and VIP inhibited?
Sympathetic control
What is the primary function of the cavernous tissue?
Facilitating erection
What is the primary function of the adherens and gap junctions between Sertoli cells and developing sperm cells?
To provide structural support
What is the velocity of movement of sperm cells in mm/min?
1-4
What is the function of the blood-testis barrier formed by tight junctions between Sertoli cells?
To restrict the movement of substances between the blood and sperm cells
How many microtubules make up the axoneme of a sperm cell's flagellum?
11
What is the function of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive system?
To nurture developing sperm cells
What is the result of the formation of the blood-testis barrier by tight junctions between Sertoli cells?
Decreased permeability of the blood-testis barrier
What is the primary function of the gonads in the male reproductive system?
Production of reproductive hormones
What is the function of the tunica albuginea in the male reproductive anatomy?
Enclosure of the testes
What is the temperature required for gametogenesis in the testes?
3-5 degrees lower than body temperature
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?
Secretion of mucous to aid sperm
What is the primary function of the reproductive tract in the male reproductive system?
Carrying of sperm from the testes to the urethra
What is the role of testosterone in the male reproductive system?
Development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics
What is the main function of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?
Produces alkaline fluid, accounting for 20-30% of semen volume
What is the function of the corpus spongiosum in the male reproductive anatomy?
Contains the urethra
What is the purpose of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?
Produces mucus-rich secretion for lubrication
What is the function of the glans penis in the male reproductive anatomy?
Is the most sensitive part of the penis
What surrounds the prostate gland?
A fibrous connective tissue capsule
What is the term for the foreskin that covers the glans penis?
Prepuce
What is the primary mechanism by which arteriolar dilation leads to engorgement of the penis?
Relaxation of cavernous smooth muscle
What is the primary function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?
Secretion of mucus or 'pre-cum' to aid in lubrication
What is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for the relaxation of cavernous smooth muscle?
Nitric oxide
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system in the male reproductive system?
Release of NO and VIP to aid in erection
What is the primary source of lubrication during the sexual act?
Female reproductive organs
What is the significance of the shift from parasympathetic to sympathetic control during ejaculation?
It causes peristaltic contractions of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles
What is the function of the internal sphincter of the bladder during ejaculation?
It constricts to prevent retrograde ejaculation
What is the term for the entire period of emission and ejaculation?
Male nodal response
What is the result of a failure of the processus vaginalis to disintegrate?
Cryptorchidism
What is the function of the pelvic floor muscles during ejaculation?
They propel semen out of the body
What is the result of ejaculation?
Resolution and a return to a flaccid state
At what age does the gradual decline in testosterone and sperm production start?
50
What is the term for the inability to develop or maintain an erection?
Erectile Dysfunction
What is the characteristic of sperm with abnormal morphology?
Infertility
What is the term for the ejaculation that occurs prior to or within ~1 minute of vaginal penetration?
Premature Ejaculation
What is the result of damage to the tubular epithelium in the male reproductive system?
Abnormal sperm count
What is the hormone responsible for the increase in LH and FSH in Andropause?
Testosterone
What is the approximate total length of the seminiferous tubules in the human testes?
Half a mile
During which weeks of gestation does the descent of testes occur?
7th to 9th month
What is the percentage of the time the testis is in the scrotum by the 9th month of gestation?
98%
What is the function of the gubernaculum in the development of the testes?
To guide the descent of testes
What is the term for the process by which immature sperm cells develop into mature sperm cells?
Spermatogenesis
What is the stage of meiosis that produces haploid cells?
Meiosis II
What is the structure that forms a connection between the testes and the scrotum?
Gubernaculum
What is the primary function of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive tract?
Producing fluid for sperm movement and phagocytosing residual bodies
What is the main function of Leydig cells in the male reproductive tract?
Producing testosterone from cholesterol through steroidogenic enzymes
What is the purpose of Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) during embryonic development?
Inhibiting the development of Müllerian ducts in males
What is the function of the peritubular compartment in the male reproductive tract?
Providing structural support and maintaining testicular architecture
What is the consequence of failure in negative feedback to FSH production?
Underproduction of inhibin leading to hyperactivation of Sertoli cells
What is the primary function of aromatase in the male reproductive tract?
Converting testosterone to estradiol
What is the purpose of inhibin in the male reproductive tract?
Providing negative feedback to FSH production to regulate spermatogenesis
What is the primary function of 5α-reductase Type 2 in the male body?
To facilitate masculinization of the external genitalia in utero and during puberty
Which of the following enzymes is involved in the conversion of cholesterol into testosterone in the Leydig cells?
CYP11A1
Where does the enzyme aromatase convert testosterone into estradiol?
In adipose tissue
What is the primary function of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the male body?
To stimulate the formation of prostate gland
Which of the following tissues is involved in the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?
Skin
What is the function of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) in the Leydig cells?
To convert pregnenolone into progesterone
What is the role of CYP17 in the conversion of cholesterol into testosterone in the Leydig cells?
To convert progesterone into androstenedione
What is the main function of the epididymis?
To store and mature spermatozoa
What type of epithelium is found in the epididymis and vas deferens?
Pseudostratified columnar
What is the function of the vas deferens?
To propel spermatozoa into the prostatic urethra
What structure contains the urethra in the male reproductive system?
Corpus spongiosum
What is the role of luminal testosterone-androgen binding protein complexes in the epididymis?
To improve unidirectional motility of spermatozoa
What is the function of the glans penis?
To increase sensation during copulation
What is the function of the foreskin (prepuce)?
To protect the glans penis
What is the primary mechanism by which the penis becomes engorged during erection?
Arteriolar dilation and increased blood flow to erectile tissue
Which of the following glands is responsible for producing the majority of the lubrication during sexual intercourse?
Female sexual organs
What is the primary function of semenogelins in semen?
To initially coagulate and then liquefy semen
Under which type of nervous control is erection primarily produced?
Parasympathetic control
What is the typical range of sperm cells per milliliter of semen after several days of abstinence?
75-400 M
What is the primary function of the prostate specific antigen (PSA)?
To break down seminal vesicle secretions
Which of the following is a common consequence of inadequate lubrication during sexual intercourse?
Pain and inhibited sexual sensations
What is the primary function of the cavernous smooth muscle during erection?
To relax and increase blood flow to erectile tissue
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for the relaxation of cavernous smooth muscle during erection?
NO (Nitric Oxide)
What is the typical volume of semen after several days of abstinence?
2.5-3.5 mL
This quiz covers the structure and functions of the large intestine, including the parts of the colon and their roles in water absorption and fecal material release. Learn about the different parts of the large intestine, including the cecum, appendix, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus.
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