Anatomy of the Large Intestine
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

  • To absorb nutrients from the food
  • To break down food and utilize its energy (correct)
  • To eliminate indigestible substances from the body
  • To store food in the body

    • Which part of the digestive tract is responsible for the mechanical digestion of food through chewing?

  • Large intestine
  • Oral cavity (correct)
  • Small intestine
  • Stomach

    • What is the term for the movement of food through the digestive tract by alternate contraction and relaxation?

  • Peristalsis (correct)
  • Propulsion
  • Segmentation
  • Churning

    • What is the primary function of bile salts in the digestive process?

    <p>Emulsify fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the liver and the gallbladder in terms of bile storage?

    <p>The liver produces bile, while the gallbladder stores it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the digestive tract contains blood vessels?

    <p>Submucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the lining of the peritoneal cavity?

    <p>Visceral peritoneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

    <p>Regulation of blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the digestive tract is responsible for the absorption of nutrients?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pancreatic enzyme trypsin?

    <p>Digestion of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which Kupffer cells engulf and digest worn-out or dying cells?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the elimination of indigestible substances from the body?

    <p>Defecation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the formation of gallstones?

    <p>Drastic dieting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for contraction and relaxation?

    <p>Muscularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tube that connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct?

    <p>Cystic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreatic secretions?

    <p>Neutralization of acidic chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the omental appendices?

    <p>To store fat for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between loose stool and diarrhea?

    <p>Diarrhea is a result of insufficient water absorption, while loose stool is a result of insufficient water absorption and an underlying infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the smooth muscle that controls the anal sphincter?

    <p>Internal anal sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that forms the last 15 cm of the digestive tract?

    <p>Rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hausta?

    <p>To permit the colon to expand and elongate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the longitudinal bands of muscularis externa along the outer surface of the colon?

    <p>Teniae coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of too much water being absorbed by the large intestine?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the exit of the anal canal?

    <p>Anal orifice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of HCI produced by Parietal Cells in the stomach?

    <p>Kills bacteria and stops C6H12O6 digestion by inactivating salivary amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the failure of Vitamin B12 absorption?

    <p>Pernicious Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the stomach produces pepsinogen that aids in the breakdown of proteins?

    <p>Chief Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Small Intestine in the digestive system?

    <p>Segmentation and mixing of chyme with digestive juices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of nutrients and water are absorbed in the Small Intestine?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reverse movement of food brought about by a signal from the medulla?

    <p>Reverse Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the wound inside the stomach caused by H.pylori bacteria?

    <p>Gastric Ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of the Small Intestine?

    <p>6 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of villi and microvilli in the intestine?

    <p>To increase the surface area for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Ileocecal valve?

    <p>To prevent backflow of feces into the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Large Intestine?

    <p>To absorb water, ions, and vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Payers Patches in the Large Intestine?

    <p>To produce immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of fecal material in the Large Intestine?

    <p>Sluggish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of feces in the Large Intestine?

    <p>Defecation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the appendix in the Large Intestine?

    <p>To aid in immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does unusual stool indicate about the Large Intestine?

    <p>That there is something wrong with it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gonads in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Production of gametes and androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the epididymis in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>To store and mature sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To secrete mucous to aid in sperm transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the endocrine function of the gonads?

    <p>Production of testosterone and gametogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To regulate the temperature of the testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the vas deferens in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>To transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To secrete mucous to aid in sperm transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tunica albuginea in the male reproductive anatomy?

    <p>To enclose and protect the testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tight junctions between Sertoli cells?

    <p>To form a blood-testis barrier and control the availability of nutrients to the germ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Sertoli cells?

    <p>To guide sperm cells towards the lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the velocity of movement of sperm cells?

    <p>1-4 mm/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of adherens and gap junctions between Sertoli cells and sperm cells?

    <p>To provide a specialized, immunologically safe microenvironment for developing sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of microtubules in the axoneme of a sperm cell's flagellum?

    <p>11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?

    <p>To control the availability of nutrients to the germ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of spermatozoa?

    <p>Spermatogonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which sperm cells develop from spermatogonia?

    <p>Spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Sertoli cells in the testis?

    <p>To produce androgen-binding protein (ABP) to maintain high androgen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the male reproductive tract are responsible for converting testosterone to estradiol?

    <p>Aromatase-expressing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epididymis in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>To provide a medium for sperm to develop motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) during embryonic development?

    <p>To inhibit the development of the Mullerian ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the male reproductive tract express LH receptors and produce testosterone?

    <p>Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of inhibin in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>To provide negative feedback to FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the peritubular compartment in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>To support the structural integrity of the seminiferous tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Leydig cells in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>To produce testosterone and other androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of excreted androgens are found as urinary 17-ketosteroids?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does feedback occur from in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis?

    <p>Peripheral T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of seminal plasma?

    <p>Seminal plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of semen after several days of abstinence?

    <p>2.5-3.5 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Prostate Specific Antigen?

    <p>Coagulate semen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls the spenal cord during erection?

    <p>Sacral spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the peritubular compartment in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To provide nutrition to sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of excess negative feedback in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis?

    <p>Decreased intratesticular T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is located inferior to the seminal vesicle in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Prostate gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands produce secretions that make up seminal plasma?

    <p>Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To support spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the tube that connects the epididymis to the vas deferens?

    <p>Epididymal duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To store and mature sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located outside the body cavity and is part of the male reproductive system?

    <p>Penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To support and protect the testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sperm cells travel from the testes to the epididymis?

    <p>Through the epididymal duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To facilitate sperm maturation and improve motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To propel sperm into the prostatic urethra during ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To secrete fructose and other nutrients for sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To secrete mucus that helps to lubricate the urethra during ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of luminal testosterone-androgen binding protein complexes in the epididymis?

    <p>They facilitate sperm maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the epithelial lining of the epididymis?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that surrounds the testicular vessel in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Cremaster muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Peritubular Compartment in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>to provide structural support to the seminiferous tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) during embryonic development?

    <p>to inhibit the development of female reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Leydig cells in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>to produce testosterone through steroidogenic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of failure of negative feedback to FSH?

    <p>unregulated spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>to facilitate spermatogenesis through tight junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epididymis in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>to facilitate the maturation of sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of inhibin in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>to inhibit the production of FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the corpus spongiosum in the male reproductive organ?

    <p>To provide structural support to the glans penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To produce alkaline secretions that make up 20-30% of semen volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To secrete lubricating mucus during sexual arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the distal end of the male reproductive organ?

    <p>Glans penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fibrous connective tissue capsule that surrounds the prostate gland?

    <p>To provide structural support to the prostate gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the removal of the foreskin through a surgical procedure?

    <p>Circumcision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the expansion on the side of the glans penis?

    <p>Glans expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which arteriolar dilation leads to engorgement of cavernous tissue?

    <p>Cavernous engorgement presses on veins in the penis, thus reducing venous drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which type of nervous control is the release of NO and VIP observed?

    <p>Parasympathetic control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the secretion from the bulbourethral glands?

    <p>Aiding in lubrication during sexual intercourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is responsible for the relaxation of cavernous smooth muscle?

    <p>Vasoactive intestinal peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of lubrication during sexual intercourse?

    <p>Female reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of inadequate lubrication during sexual intercourse?

    <p>Pain and inhibited sexual sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of the cavernous tissue?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the urethral glands?

    <p>Secretion of mucus or 'pre-cum'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which type of nervous control is the release of NO and VIP inhibited?

    <p>Sympathetic control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cavernous tissue?

    <p>Facilitating erection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the adherens and gap junctions between Sertoli cells and developing sperm cells?

    <p>To provide structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the velocity of movement of sperm cells in mm/min?

    <p>1-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the blood-testis barrier formed by tight junctions between Sertoli cells?

    <p>To restrict the movement of substances between the blood and sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many microtubules make up the axoneme of a sperm cell's flagellum?

    <p>11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To nurture developing sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the formation of the blood-testis barrier by tight junctions between Sertoli cells?

    <p>Decreased permeability of the blood-testis barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gonads in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Production of reproductive hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tunica albuginea in the male reproductive anatomy?

    <p>Enclosure of the testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature required for gametogenesis in the testes?

    <p>3-5 degrees lower than body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Secretion of mucous to aid sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the reproductive tract in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Carrying of sperm from the testes to the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of testosterone in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Produces alkaline fluid, accounting for 20-30% of semen volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corpus spongiosum in the male reproductive anatomy?

    <p>Contains the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Produces mucus-rich secretion for lubrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glans penis in the male reproductive anatomy?

    <p>Is the most sensitive part of the penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the prostate gland?

    <p>A fibrous connective tissue capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the foreskin that covers the glans penis?

    <p>Prepuce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which arteriolar dilation leads to engorgement of the penis?

    <p>Relaxation of cavernous smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Secretion of mucus or 'pre-cum' to aid in lubrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for the relaxation of cavernous smooth muscle?

    <p>Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Release of NO and VIP to aid in erection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of lubrication during the sexual act?

    <p>Female reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the shift from parasympathetic to sympathetic control during ejaculation?

    <p>It causes peristaltic contractions of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the internal sphincter of the bladder during ejaculation?

    <p>It constricts to prevent retrograde ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the entire period of emission and ejaculation?

    <p>Male nodal response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a failure of the processus vaginalis to disintegrate?

    <p>Cryptorchidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pelvic floor muscles during ejaculation?

    <p>They propel semen out of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of ejaculation?

    <p>Resolution and a return to a flaccid state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the gradual decline in testosterone and sperm production start?

    <p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to develop or maintain an erection?

    <p>Erectile Dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of sperm with abnormal morphology?

    <p>Infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ejaculation that occurs prior to or within ~1 minute of vaginal penetration?

    <p>Premature Ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of damage to the tubular epithelium in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Abnormal sperm count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone responsible for the increase in LH and FSH in Andropause?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate total length of the seminiferous tubules in the human testes?

    <p>Half a mile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which weeks of gestation does the descent of testes occur?

    <p>7th to 9th month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of the time the testis is in the scrotum by the 9th month of gestation?

    <p>98%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the gubernaculum in the development of the testes?

    <p>To guide the descent of testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which immature sperm cells develop into mature sperm cells?

    <p>Spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of meiosis that produces haploid cells?

    <p>Meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that forms a connection between the testes and the scrotum?

    <p>Gubernaculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>Producing fluid for sperm movement and phagocytosing residual bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Leydig cells in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>Producing testosterone from cholesterol through steroidogenic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) during embryonic development?

    <p>Inhibiting the development of Müllerian ducts in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the peritubular compartment in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>Providing structural support and maintaining testicular architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of failure in negative feedback to FSH production?

    <p>Underproduction of inhibin leading to hyperactivation of Sertoli cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aromatase in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>Converting testosterone to estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of inhibin in the male reproductive tract?

    <p>Providing negative feedback to FSH production to regulate spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of 5α-reductase Type 2 in the male body?

    <p>To facilitate masculinization of the external genitalia in utero and during puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is involved in the conversion of cholesterol into testosterone in the Leydig cells?

    <p>CYP11A1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the enzyme aromatase convert testosterone into estradiol?

    <p>In adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the male body?

    <p>To stimulate the formation of prostate gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues is involved in the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) in the Leydig cells?

    <p>To convert pregnenolone into progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CYP17 in the conversion of cholesterol into testosterone in the Leydig cells?

    <p>To convert progesterone into androstenedione</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the epididymis?

    <p>To store and mature spermatozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found in the epididymis and vas deferens?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vas deferens?

    <p>To propel spermatozoa into the prostatic urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure contains the urethra in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Corpus spongiosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of luminal testosterone-androgen binding protein complexes in the epididymis?

    <p>To improve unidirectional motility of spermatozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glans penis?

    <p>To increase sensation during copulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the foreskin (prepuce)?

    <p>To protect the glans penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the penis becomes engorged during erection?

    <p>Arteriolar dilation and increased blood flow to erectile tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands is responsible for producing the majority of the lubrication during sexual intercourse?

    <p>Female sexual organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of semenogelins in semen?

    <p>To initially coagulate and then liquefy semen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which type of nervous control is erection primarily produced?

    <p>Parasympathetic control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of sperm cells per milliliter of semen after several days of abstinence?

    <p>75-400 M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the prostate specific antigen (PSA)?

    <p>To break down seminal vesicle secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common consequence of inadequate lubrication during sexual intercourse?

    <p>Pain and inhibited sexual sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cavernous smooth muscle during erection?

    <p>To relax and increase blood flow to erectile tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is responsible for the relaxation of cavernous smooth muscle during erection?

    <p>NO (Nitric Oxide)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical volume of semen after several days of abstinence?

    <p>2.5-3.5 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

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