Anatomy of the Kidney

Nephron Function

• The functional part of the nephron is led by the glomerulus
• Its organization is integral to the function of the nephron
• The nephron takes part in both osmoregulation and excretion
• The filtrate is called urea

Ear Structure

• The part of the ear that receives vibrations is the eardrum
• The cochlea is responsible for sound vibrations
• Ear hair is responsible for sound vibrations

Brain Structure

• The part of the brain that responds to anger, pain, and pleasure is the hypothalamus
• The thalamus is responsible for relaying sensory information
• The medulla oblongata is responsible for controlling involuntary functions

Digestive System

• The first part of the small intestine is the duodenum
• The last part of the small intestine is the ileum
• The rectum is the last part of the large intestine

Skin Structure

• The outermost layer of the skin is the cornified layer
• The growing layer is the Malpighian layer
• The layer of the skin that is immediately beneath the epidermis is the dermis

Glands

• The adrenal gland is located above the kidney
• The thymus gland is responsible for the development of immune cells
• The pituitary gland is found below the hypothalamus
• The liver is responsible for filtering blood and producing bile

Blood Flow

• The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the liver to the heart
• The liver is responsible for filtering blood and producing bile

Eye Structure

• The iris controls the amount of light that enters the eye
• The cornea is transparent and allows light to enter the eye
• The retina is the innermost layer of the eye and contains photoreceptors
• Cones are photoreceptors that are sensitive to color and bright light
• Rods are photoreceptors that are sensitive to low light levels

Mechanoreceptors

• Mechanoreceptors respond to pressure, vibration, and roughness
• Temperature is not a stimulus for mechanoreceptors

Homeostasis

• The heart is not involved in homeostasis
• Skin, lungs, and liver are involved in homeostasis

Stem Cells

• Spermatogenic cells are the stem cells from which all other cells arise
• Leydig cells are involved in the development of sperm
• Sertoli cells are involved in the development of sperm

Hormones

• FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle
• Oestrogen is involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle
• Progesterone is involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle

Brain Function

• The cerebrum is responsible for voluntary actions
• The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movement
• The medulla oblongata is responsible for controlling involuntary functions
• The pia mater is the innermost meningeal layer that covers the brain and spinal cord

Cell Division

• Spermatogenesis involves four spermatocytes that produce eight sperm
• Oogenesis involves four oocytes that produce one egg

Neurotransmitters

• The neuromuscular junction is a highly specialized synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
• The synapse is the gap between the end of an axon and the beginning of a dendrite

Endocrine System

• The adrenal gland is located above the kidney
• The insulin-producing cells are located in the pancreas