Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are small, thin-walled vessels that connect the smallest arteries and veins?
What are small, thin-walled vessels that connect the smallest arteries and veins?
Capillaries
Which chamber of the heart collects blood from the pulmonary circuit?
Which chamber of the heart collects blood from the pulmonary circuit?
Left atrium
What is the serous membrane that surrounds the heart called?
What is the serous membrane that surrounds the heart called?
The Pericardium
What covers the outer surface of the heart?
What covers the outer surface of the heart?
What is the pointed tip of the heart called?
What is the pointed tip of the heart called?
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
What are specialized sites between cardiac muscle cells that allow electrical impulses to propagate?
What are specialized sites between cardiac muscle cells that allow electrical impulses to propagate?
What connects each atrium to its corresponding ventricle?
What connects each atrium to its corresponding ventricle?
What delivers blood from the head, neck, and chest to the heart?
What delivers blood from the head, neck, and chest to the heart?
What supports the flaps of the atrioventricular valves?
What supports the flaps of the atrioventricular valves?
What type of valve ensures blood leaves the ventricles into the arteries?
What type of valve ensures blood leaves the ventricles into the arteries?
What is another name for the bicuspid valve?
What is another name for the bicuspid valve?
Where does blood leaving the left ventricle flow next?
Where does blood leaving the left ventricle flow next?
Together, the plasma and formed elements constitute _______________.
Together, the plasma and formed elements constitute _______________.
________________ contain enzymes and factors important to blood clotting.
________________ contain enzymes and factors important to blood clotting.
Fibrinogen molecules convert to form large, insoluble strands of ________________, the basic framework for a blood clot.
Fibrinogen molecules convert to form large, insoluble strands of ________________, the basic framework for a blood clot.
Red blood cells (RBCs) contain the pigment ________________, which binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Red blood cells (RBCs) contain the pigment ________________, which binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The ________________ are the smallest blood vessels in the human body, barely the width of a single red blood cell.
The ________________ are the smallest blood vessels in the human body, barely the width of a single red blood cell.
The ________________ ________________ is the innermost layer of a blood vessel.
The ________________ ________________ is the innermost layer of a blood vessel.
When stimulated, muscles in the arterial wall contract and the artery constricts in a process called ________________. Relaxation increases the diameter of the arterial lumen in a process called ________________.
When stimulated, muscles in the arterial wall contract and the artery constricts in a process called ________________. Relaxation increases the diameter of the arterial lumen in a process called ________________.
The most important product of metabolism is ________.
The most important product of metabolism is ________.
_______ is an important energy reserve found in the liver and skeletal muscle.
_______ is an important energy reserve found in the liver and skeletal muscle.
The glands that produce oil to lubricate the skin are called the __________.
The glands that produce oil to lubricate the skin are called the __________.
Which of the following is not a function of the skin?
Which of the following is not a function of the skin?
A ligament attaches _________ to __________.
A ligament attaches _________ to __________.
__________ manufacture and store melanin.
__________ manufacture and store melanin.
What are the five functions of the skeletal system?
What are the five functions of the skeletal system?
List the three types of muscle tissue, their function, and provide an example of each.
List the three types of muscle tissue, their function, and provide an example of each.
The outermost layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the entire muscle is called the ________.
The outermost layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the entire muscle is called the ________.
What is cellular respiration?
What is cellular respiration?
________ are responsible for the production of new bone.
________ are responsible for the production of new bone.
The growth plate of the bone is also called the_________ plate.
The growth plate of the bone is also called the_________ plate.
Calcium ions are released from the ____________.
Calcium ions are released from the ____________.
The layer of skin below the dermis that contains blood vessels is called the _________.
The layer of skin below the dermis that contains blood vessels is called the _________.
Carbohydrates are considered the first source of energy. The breakdown of ________ is second.
Carbohydrates are considered the first source of energy. The breakdown of ________ is second.
What causes "goose flesh or goose bumps"?
What causes "goose flesh or goose bumps"?
The presence of the molecule ATP is essential for the release of the cross=bridges of the muscle to allow for muscular _________
The presence of the molecule ATP is essential for the release of the cross=bridges of the muscle to allow for muscular _________
The outer surface of the bone is called the ________.
The outer surface of the bone is called the ________.
Striations in muscle can be found in all of the following muscles except the __________.
Striations in muscle can be found in all of the following muscles except the __________.
During the process of glycolysis, glucose is broken into two 3-carbon molecules called __________.
During the process of glycolysis, glucose is broken into two 3-carbon molecules called __________.
Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?
Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?
__________ impulses carry information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.
__________ impulses carry information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.
A thin, membranous sheath that increases the speed of the action potential down the axon is called the _________.
A thin, membranous sheath that increases the speed of the action potential down the axon is called the _________.
Which of the following ions is responsible for causing the neuron to become hyperpolarized?
Which of the following ions is responsible for causing the neuron to become hyperpolarized?
A neuron communicates with the muscle cell at the
A neuron communicates with the muscle cell at the
The ________ matter is the outermost meningeal layer.
The ________ matter is the outermost meningeal layer.
Name two different neurotransmitters, one excitatory and one inhibitory. Explain the function of both.
Name two different neurotransmitters, one excitatory and one inhibitory. Explain the function of both.
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? Give examples of the receptors for each.
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? Give examples of the receptors for each.
All of the following are examples of hormones except ____________.
All of the following are examples of hormones except ____________.
All of the following are functions of the hypothalamus except ____________.
All of the following are functions of the hypothalamus except ____________.
Regulatory hormone secretion by the hypothalamus is regulated through __________.
Regulatory hormone secretion by the hypothalamus is regulated through __________.
A _________ is a chemical messenger that is released in one tissue and transported by the blood to reach target cells in other tissues.
A _________ is a chemical messenger that is released in one tissue and transported by the blood to reach target cells in other tissues.
____________ is a hormone found in the heart that is released when excessive pressure occurs within the atria.
____________ is a hormone found in the heart that is released when excessive pressure occurs within the atria.
List the two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland and include the action of each.
List the two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland and include the action of each.
Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating spermatogenesis?
Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating spermatogenesis?
________ is the hormone that is responsible for the secretion of testosterone in males.
________ is the hormone that is responsible for the secretion of testosterone in males.
At the point of puberty form males and females ___________.
At the point of puberty form males and females ___________.
Luteinizing hormone was once called __________ in males
Luteinizing hormone was once called __________ in males
Describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis during cell replication of the male and female gametes.
Describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis during cell replication of the male and female gametes.
Where does air normally enter the respiratory system?
Where does air normally enter the respiratory system?
Which chamber is shared by the digestive and respiratory systems?
Which chamber is shared by the digestive and respiratory systems?
What cells in the respiratory tract produce mucus to trap particulate matter?
What cells in the respiratory tract produce mucus to trap particulate matter?
What narrow opening in the larynx leads to the trachea?
What narrow opening in the larynx leads to the trachea?
What structure prevents food or liquids from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing?
What structure prevents food or liquids from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing?
Which cartilage sits superior to the cricoid cartilage in the larynx?
Which cartilage sits superior to the cricoid cartilage in the larynx?
What contains elastic ligaments that extend between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages?
What contains elastic ligaments that extend between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages?
What vibrates to produce sound waves when air passes through the glottis?
What vibrates to produce sound waves when air passes through the glottis?
What reflex is triggered when food or liquid touches the vocal cords?
What reflex is triggered when food or liquid touches the vocal cords?
What structure contains C-shaped cartilages to help keep the airway open?
What structure contains C-shaped cartilages to help keep the airway open?
What branches into the right and left primary bronchi?
What branches into the right and left primary bronchi?
What does sympathetic activation cause in the bronchioles?
What does sympathetic activation cause in the bronchioles?
Where do respiratory bronchioles lead?
Where do respiratory bronchioles lead?
What cells patrol the respiratory epithelium to remove debris?
What cells patrol the respiratory epithelium to remove debris?
What oily secretion prevents the alveoli from collapsing?
What oily secretion prevents the alveoli from collapsing?
What is a blockage of a pulmonary artery branch called?
What is a blockage of a pulmonary artery branch called?
What covers the inner surface of the chest wall?
What covers the inner surface of the chest wall?
Flashcards
Capillaries
Capillaries
Small, thin-walled vessels connecting arteries and veins.
Left Atrium
Left Atrium
Chamber of the heart that collects blood from the pulmonary circuit.
The Pericardium
The Pericardium
Serous membrane surrounding the heart.
Parietal pericardium
Parietal pericardium
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The Apex
The Apex
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Heart Wall Layers
Heart Wall Layers
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Gap junctions
Gap junctions
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Atrioventricular valve
Atrioventricular valve
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The superior vena cava
The superior vena cava
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Chordae tendineae
Chordae tendineae
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Semilunar valves
Semilunar valves
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Mitral valve
Mitral valve
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Aortic semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
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Whole blood
Whole blood
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Platelets
Platelets
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Fibrin
Fibrin
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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
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Capillaries
Capillaries
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Tunica interna
Tunica interna
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Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction
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Vasodilation
Vasodilation
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ATP
ATP
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Glycogen
Glycogen
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Sebaceous glands
Sebaceous glands
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Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
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Pharynx
Pharynx
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Goblet cells
Goblet cells
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Epiglottis
Epiglottis
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Trachea
Trachea
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Study Notes
Anatomical Structures and Functions
- Capillaries: Small, thin-walled vessels connecting arterioles and venules.
- Left Atrium: Heart chamber receiving blood from the pulmonary circuit.
- Pericardium: Serous membrane surrounding the heart.
- Parietal Pericardium: Outermost layer of the pericardium; covering the heart's outer surface.
- Apex: The pointed tip of the heart.
- Heart Wall Layers: Epicardium (outer), myocardium (middle), endocardium (inner).
- Intercalated Discs & Gap Junctions: Specialized sites between cardiac muscle cells facilitating electrical impulse propagation.
- Atrioventricular Valves (AV valves): Connect atria to ventricles; includes mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves.
- Chordae Tendineae: Support AV valve flaps.
- Semilunar Valves: Valves ensuring blood exits ventricles into arteries.
- Mitral Valve: Another name for the bicuspid valve.
- Aortic Semilunar Valve & Aorta: Path of blood leaving the left ventricle.
- Whole Blood: Combined plasma and formed elements.
- Platelets: Contain clotting factors and enzymes.
- Fibrin: Insoluble strands forming the basis of blood clots, derived from fibrinogen.
- Hemoglobin: Red blood cell pigment binding and transporting oxygen/carbon dioxide.
- Capillaries: Smallest blood vessels, allowing for gas exchange.
- Tunica Interna: Innermost layer of a blood vessel.
- Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation: Processes of artery constriction and dilation controlled by smooth muscle.
- ATP: Essential energy molecule in metabolic processes.
- Glycogen: Energy storage molecule in liver and muscle cells.
- Sebaceous Glands: Produce oil for skin lubrication.
Skeletal System
- Skeletal System Functions: Support, mineral/lipid storage, blood cell production, protection, leverage.
- Ligament: Connects bone to bone.
- Melanocytes: Produce and store melanin.
- Epimysium: Outermost collagen layer surrounding an entire muscle.
Muscular System
- Muscle Tissue Types: Cardiac (heart), smooth (organs), skeletal (biceps).
- Cellular Respiration: Process converting nutrient chemical energy to ATP.
- Osteoblasts: Bone-producing cells.
- Epiphyseal Plate: Growth plate of bone.
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: Releases calcium ions.
- Subcutaneous Layer: Layer below the dermis, containing blood vessels.
- Gooseflesh/Goosebumps: Caused by arrector pili muscle contraction.
- Cross-bridge Release & Muscular Relaxation: Dependent on ATP.
- **Periosteum:**Outer surface of bone.
- Smooth Muscle: Does not exhibit striations.
- Pyruvic Acid: 3-carbon molecules resulting from glycolysis.
Nervous System
- Nervous System Functions: Controlling voluntary and involuntary responses, coordination of organ systems.
- Afferent Impulses: Carry information from peripheral nerves to central nervous system.
- Myelin Sheath: Increases nerve impulse speed.
- Hyperpolarization: Caused by potassium ion movement.
- Neuromuscular Junction: Neuron-muscle cell communication point.
- Dura Mater: Outermost meningeal layer.
- Neurotransmitters (Excitatory/Inhibitory): Chemical messengers (e.g., glutamate, GABA).
- Autonomic Nervous System Divisions: Sympathetic (fight/flight) & parasympathetic (rest/digest).
- Hormones: Chemical messengers transported in blood to target cells.
Endocrine System
- Hormone Secretion Regulation: Primarily through negative feedback.
- Hypothalamus Functions (Exclusions): The hypothalamus releases ADH and oxytocin into the circulation.
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP): Heart hormone released due to increased atrial pressure.
- Posterior Pituitary Hormones: Oxytocin (uterine contractions, milk ejection) and vasopressin (ADH - water balance).
- Spermatogenesis Stimulation: FSH.
- Testosterone Secretion Stimulation: LH.
- Puberty Changes: Increased FSH/LH levels, secondary sex characteristic development, oogenesis acceleration.
- LH in Males: Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH).
- Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Mitosis produces identical cells, meiosis produces distinct cells with half the chromosomes.
Respiratory System
- Air Entry Point: Nares (nostrils).
- Shared Chamber: Pharynx.
- Mucus-Producing Cells: Goblet cells.
- Laryngeal Opening: Glottis to trachea.
- Food/Liquid Prevention: Epiglottis.
- Laryngeal Cartilages: Thyroid superior to cricoid.
- Vocal Cords: Produce sound via vibration.
- Coughing Reflex: Triggered by foreign material contacting vocal cords.
- Trachea Structure: C-shaped cartilages for airway support.
- Bronchial Branches: Primary bronchi to lesser branches.
- Sympathetic Activation: Bronchodilation (decreased bronchiole constriction).
- Parasympathetic Activation: Bronchoconstriction (increased constriction).
- Alveolar Ducts: Endpoints of alveolar respiratory structures.
- Alveolar Macrophages: Patrol epithelium to remove debris.
- Surfactant: Prevents alveoli collapse by reducing surface tension.
- Pulmonary Embolism: Blockage of a pulmonary artery.
- Parietal Pleura: Chest wall lining.
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Explore the essential anatomical structures and functions of the heart in this quiz. Delve into the roles of various heart components such as chambers, valves, and the heart wall layers. Test your knowledge on the intricacies of the circulatory system and its vital components.
