Anatomy of the Hand Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a distinguishing feature of intrinsic muscles of the hand?

They originate from the forearm.

They have their origin and insertion within the hand. (correct)

They primarily assist in wrist movement.

They are innervated only by the radial nerve.

Which of the following nerves supplies motor innervation to the majority of the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

Musculocutaneous nerve

Ulnar nerve (correct)

Median nerve

Radial nerve

What is the primary movement allowed at a hinge joint?

Abduction and adduction

Flexion and extension (correct)

Rotation

Gliding

Which artery is primarily responsible for blood supply to the hand?

Ulnar artery Signup and view all the answers

Which joint allows for the movement of opposition in the hand?

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Signup and view all the answers

What clinical condition is indicated by damage to the ulnar nerve?

Claw hand Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms the boundaries of the anatomical snuffbox?

Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis muscles Signup and view all the answers

How does a Colles’ fracture typically occur?

Fall on an outstretched hand Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Guyon’s Canal Syndrome?

Repetitive wrist flexion activities Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joints?

Swan Neck Deformity Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Bouchard's nodes from Heberden's nodes?

Location at the proximal interphalangeal joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for medial epicondylitis?

Golfers' Elbow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the mechanism of injury for both Heberden’s Node and Bouchard’s nodes?

Hand osteoarthritis conditions Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joints and hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joints?

Boutonniere Deformity Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is typically referred to as 'Tennis Elbow'?

Lateral Epicondylitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Mallet Finger and Swan Neck Deformity?

Type of joint affected (DIP vs PIP) Signup and view all the answers

What type of injury is characterized by long extensor tendon avulsion?

Mallet Finger Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for the abduction of the thumb?

Abductor pollicis brevis Signup and view all the answers

What condition is identified by hyperflexion at the distal interphalangeal joint?

Mallet Finger Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are classified as thenar muscles?

Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis brevis, and Opponens pollicis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the adductor pollicis muscle?

Adduction of the thumb towards the lateral palm Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the flexor pollicis brevis muscle?

Median nerve Signup and view all the answers

How do the lumbrical muscles function at the joints?

Flex metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints Signup and view all the answers

What structure provides the origin for the Palmaris brevis muscle?

Flexor retinaculum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a hypothenar muscle?

Flexor pollicis brevis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the opponens digiti minimi muscle?

Opposition towards digit 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

Both median and ulnar nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the recurrent branch of the median nerve responsible for?

Innervating thenar muscles Signup and view all the answers

Where do the lumbrical muscles insert?

Lateral sides of extensor expansions of digits 2-5 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Forearm and Hand Anatomy

Instructors: Dr. Jose Gomez (Assistant Professor, Gross Anatomy), Dr. Andreanna White (Instructor, Gross Anatomy)
Contact Information: Provided in the slides for both instructors
Learning Objectives:
- Identify forearm and hand bones, noting their unique characteristics
- Differentiate types of joints and permitted movements
- Distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic hand muscles, identifying their origins, insertions, actions, and innervations
- Define the anatomical snuffbox and its contents
- Identify radial, ulnar, and median nerve courses through the forearm and hand
- Understand how nerve damage in different body regions can present differently
- Describe arterial and venous blood flow in the forearm and hand
- Identify lymphatic drainage pathways
- Recognize clinical signs/symptoms of nerve damage
- Link clinical correlates (e.g., Colles' and Smith fractures, elbow stress injuries) with their anatomical underpinnings
Recommended Reading: Gray's Anatomy for Students, 4th Edition: Chapter 7 “Upper Limb”, Pages: 680, 681, 761 - 809
Pre-Lab Osteology Quiz: Required to understand the lecture and related activities, and may be part of the examination

Osteology of the Forearm and Hand

Pre-lab quiz needed for this section
The material is examinable.

Muscles of the Forearm and Hand

Forearm Muscles: These muscles are bellied within the forearm, with insertions also in the forearm. Function in supination or pronation
Examples: Supinator, Pronator Quadratus, Brachioradialis
Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Located proximally outside of the hand. Tendons insert within the hand.
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Originate and insert within the hand itself.

Extrinsic & Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand

Extrinsic Muscles: Located in the forearm. Tendons insert in the hand.
Intrinsic Muscles: located in the hand. Origin and insertion are both in the hand.

Summary of Muscles

Details of different forearm and hand muscles, their actions, and innervation.
- Specific muscle names, functions, and innervations are listed in the summary table.
Anatomical Snuffbox:
- Boundaries: Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons, the extensor pollicis longus tendon, and the scaphoid and trapezium bones.
- Roof: Superficial branch of radial nerve and cephalic vein.
- Contents: Radial artery.

Tissue Layers of the Forearm

Superficial Fascia: Loose connective and adipose tissue. Contains cutaneous nerves, superficial veins and lymphatics
Deep Fascia: Dense connective tissue. Encloses muscles, neurovasculature and lymphatics

Fascial Compartments of the Forearm

Interosseous Membrane: Dense fibrous connective tissue. Divides the forearm into anterior and posterior compartments.

Fascial Compartments of the Forearm (continued)

Anterior Compartment: Containing flexors and pronators.
Posterior Compartment: Containing extensors and supinators.
Nerve innervation details are given for both superficial and deep anterior compartments

Anterior Compartment of the Forearm

List of muscles including their actions and innervation

Superficial Anterior Compartment

List of muscles including their origins, insertions, innervations and actions

Deep Anterior Compartment

Provides detailed information concerning the origin, insertion, innervation and action of the muscles.

Posterior Compartment

List of muscles including their actions and innervation.

Posterior Compartment (continued)

Detailed information for the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of specific muscles.

Fascia of the Wrist

Flexor Retinaculum (Transverse/Palmar Carpal Ligament): Thickening of the antebrachial fascia. Forms a tunnel housing various structures.
Extensor Retinaculum: Structure that protects tendons within the posterior of the wrist
Tendon Sheaths: Tubular structures reducing friction on tendons

Flexor Retinaculum & the Carpal Tunnel

Description of the Flexor Retinaculum: Location, boundaries, structures that traverse within the tunnel.
Contents of the Carpal Tunnel: Includes median nerve, flexor tendon compartments.

Carpal Tunnel

Details of anatomical structure.

Anatomical Snuffbox

Detailed description of Boundaries and Contents: Provides precise boundaries and contains critical structures of the anatomical snuffbox region of the wrist.

Fascia of the Hand

Provides detailed information on palmar aponeurosis.

Bowstringing

Visually depicts the issue occurring when tendons become overstretched.

Trigger Finger

Describes a mechanism of injury causing a trigger finger, and reasons for it
Presents the typical cause

Dupuytren's Contracture

Describes the disease affecting the palmar fascia.
Presents the typical symptoms, progression and implications of the condition

Dorsal Digital Expansions

Illustration and description of the structures.

Mallet Finger- “Baseball Finger”

Mechanism of injury: describes the mechanism causing a mallet finger, a medical condition
Presentation: details the presentations of the condition

Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand

Listing of different intrinsic muscle groups and their locations in the hand. Detailed table of thenar and hypothenar muscles

Thenar Compartment of the Hand

Details of the location and action of each muscle in the Thenar muscle group

Adductor Pollicis

Information concerning location and action of this muscle

Hypothenar Compartment of the Hand

Detailed anatomical descriptions of this compartment of the hand's intrinsic muscle group

Central Compartment of the Hand: Lumbricals

Detailed analysis of this intrinsic muscle group, its origins, insertions, nerve innervation and actions.

Palmar Interossei – Deep Layer

Description of the origin, insertion, innervation and action

Dorsal Interossei – Deep Layer

Description of the origin, insertion, innervation and action.

Interossei Muscles (continued) and Action

Displays visual guides demonstrating the action of Interossei muscles (Abduction and Adduction)

The Neurovascular System of the Forearm and Hand & Associated Clinical Injuries

Introduction
Brief overview of the area.

Arteries of the Forearm

Diagrammatic representation and explanation regarding the arteries.

Arteries of the Forearm (continued)

Overview of branches (radial, ulnar, etc.) and their connections

Arteries of the Hand

Superficial and Deep Palmar Arches
Description

Arteries of the Hand (continued)

Details of how the radial and ulnar arteries form palmar arches and supply digital arteries.

Veins of the Forearm

Identifying the superficial veins

Veins of the Hand

Identifying the superficial veins

Lymphatic Drainage of Upper Limb

Details of superficial and deep lymphatic drainage

Superficial Lymphatics of the Upper Limb

Details of lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic drainage flow Diagram

Overview of lymphatic drainage pathways.

Nerves of the Forearm

Identification of the three main forearm nerves
Overview of the nerves.

Ulnar Nerve Pathway in the Forearm

Description of The Ulnar Nerve's course and location.

Ulnar Nerve Innervation

Detailed description of the branches of the ulnar nerve in the hand (Palmar & Dorsal Cutaneous, Superficial, and Deep).

Clinical Implications of Ulnar Nerve Injuries

Discussion of Ulnar Claw from damage at wrist or elbow

Clinical Implications of Ulnar Nerve Injuries - Avulsion Fracture

Describes a specific type of injury that can involve the ulnar nerve.

Median Nerve Pathway in the Forearm

Details of Median Nerve pathway, location and actions.

Median Nerve Innervation

Details of the four main branches of the median nerve, in the hand.

Median Nerve: Sensory Territory

Details of sensation areas supplied by the median nerve

Sensory Innervation of Nerves of the Hand

Visual explanation of areas of sensory innervation by each nerve

Supracondylar Fracture of the Humerus

Mechanism(s) and clinical implications of injuries.

Hand of Benediction

Resultant physical deformity when a patient is unable to make a complete fist.

Supracondylar Fracture of the Humerus Cont'd

Details of potential losses and retained functions in fractures.

Median Nerve Injury

Mechanism of injury, Functional losses and retained functions - detailed analysis of the condition and its effects

Median Nerve Injury: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Describes the mechanism and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome

Innervation to the Palm

The nerves that supply different regions of the palm. Details of both Ulna and Median nerve

Radial Nerve Pathway in the Forearm

Tracing the path of the radial nerve. Includes its branches and their locations

Radial Nerve Injury

Mechanism of Injury, and the Symptom: "Wrist Drop"

Fractures of the Radius: Distal “Colles Fracture"

Information about Colles fracture mechanism, treatment, presentation, and associated potential complications/injuries

Fractures of the Radius: Distal “Smith's Fracture"

Provides information concerning the mechanism, presentation, and/or associated implications

Movements Created by Each Nerve

Illustration and detailed description of the movements related to each nerve

Common Carpal Fractures

Overview of common carpal fractures (including scaphoid and hamate)

Repetitive Stress Injuries of the Elbow

Details on lateral and medial epicondylitis

Swan Neck Deformity vs. Boutonniere Deformity

Illustrations of the two deformities, distinguishing their presentations.

Heberden's & Bouchard's Nodes

Overview of the bony growths and conditions.

Thank you for your attention and participation

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the hand, including intrinsic muscles, nerve supply, joint movements, and clinical conditions. This quiz covers key concepts essential for understanding hand anatomy. Perfect for students in anatomy or medical courses.