Foot & ankle

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a bone in the foot?

Cuboid

Talus

Calcaneus

Scaphoid (correct)

How many tarsal bones are present in the foot?

7 (correct)

Which bone is referred to as the heel bone?

Navicular

Calcaneus (correct)

Cuboid

Talus

What is the shape of the navicular bone?

Boat-shaped Signup and view all the answers

Which row of tarsal bones contains the talus and calcaneus?

Proximal row Signup and view all the answers

The three cuneiform bones are arranged in what manner?

From side to side Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is located in the middle row of tarsal bones?

Navicular Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery beyond the ankle joint?

Dorsalis pedis artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lateral plantar branch of the posterior tibial artery?

Supply the lateral side of the sole Signup and view all the answers

Where is the plantar arterial arch located?

Plantar aspect of the bases of the lateral four metatarsal bones Signup and view all the answers

Which veins drain into the deep plantar venous arch?

Plantar digital veins Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves contribute to the cutaneous innervation of the foot?

Tibial, deep fibular, superficial fibular, sural, and saphenous nerves Signup and view all the answers

How many metatarsals make up the metatarsus?

Five Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of each metatarsal?

Base, shaft, head Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the arches of the foot?

To protect soft tissue and store energy Signup and view all the answers

At what age are the arches of the foot fully developed?

By the third year of life Signup and view all the answers

What is pes planus?

A common foot deformity involving flat feet Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for pes planus?

Poor posture Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges does the great toe have?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the ankle joint classified as?

Hinge joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is involved in foot movement necessary for ambulation?

Subtalar joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the ankle joint (articulatio talocruralis)?

Compound joint Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are components of the medial/deltoid collateral ligament?

Tibiocalcaneal part Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of motion for dorsiflexion at the ankle joint?

0–20° Signup and view all the answers

Which joints comprise Lisfranc's joint?

Tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints Signup and view all the answers

How many independent ligaments make up the lateral collateral ligament complex?

Three independent ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms the proximal articular surface of the ankle joint?

Articular facets of the talus Signup and view all the answers

What shape classification does the ankle joint fall under?

Trochlear Signup and view all the answers

What movement corresponds to plantar flexion at the ankle joint?

Bending the foot downward Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is primarily involved in providing transverse mobility in the foot?

Chopart’s joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the middle position of the ankle joint?

Corresponding to anatomical position Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a Pott's fracture?

Forcibly everted foot Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is most commonly injured in high ankle sprains?

Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament Signup and view all the answers

What type of injury occurs with excessive inversion of the ankle joint?

Supination injury Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries are primarily responsible for the arterial supply to the foot?

Dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial artery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes intrinsic muscles of the foot?

Control fine motor actions of the foot Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis?

Extend the toes Signup and view all the answers

What type of force typically causes the most common ankle sprain?

Forceful inversion of the ankle Signup and view all the answers

What injury typically occurs with excessive eversion of the ankle joint?

Sprain of the medial deltoid ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group is responsible for functions such as plantarflexion and dorsiflexion of the foot?

Extrinsic muscles Signup and view all the answers

In Pott's fracture, which structure is involved with tearing due to lateral malleolus damage?

Medial collateral ligament Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle

The foot and ankle are composed of 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, and 14 phalanges.
The metatarsals and phalanges are organized similarly to the metacarpals and phalanges of the hand.
The tarsal bones are short bones arranged in three rows: proximal, middle, and distal.
- Proximal row: talus and calcaneus.
- Middle row: navicular.
- Distal row: three cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, and lateral) and cuboid.
The talus is the second largest bone in the foot, lying above the calcaneus (heel bone).
The calcaneus is the largest bone in the foot.
The navicular bone is boat-shaped and lies in front of the talus.
The cuboid bone is cubical and lies in front of the lateral part of the calcaneus.
The cuneiform bones are wedge-shaped and arranged from side to side in front of the navicular.
The metatarsals are miniature long bones numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral. Each consists of three parts: a distal end (head), a shaft (body), and a proximal end (base).
The phalanges are miniature long bones forming the toes. The great toe has two phalanges, and the other toes have three phalanges each (proximal, middle, and distal).
The foot has longitudinal and transverse arches that help protect soft tissue and convert elastic energy during movement.

Learning Outcomes

Identify and describe the bones (and bony features) of the ankle joint and foot.
Identify and describe the major joints of the ankle and foot and discuss their actions.
Summarize the compartments of the foot and discuss the muscles and their actions within each compartment.
Review the course and distribution of the main neurovascular structures of the ankle and foot.
Discuss the functions of ligaments associated with the ankle joint and foot.
Describe the anatomy of the arches of the foot.
Discuss the tarsal tunnel and the relationship of neurovascular structures passing through it.
Apply anatomical knowledge to clinical problems of the ankle and foot (e.g., Pott's fracture, ankle sprains, foot amputations, plantar fasciitis).

Joints of the Foot

The joints of the foot form a functional unit for ambulation.
Key joints include:
- Ankle joint (talocrural)
- Subtalar/talocalcaneal
- Talocalcaneonavicular
- Calcaneocuboid
- Cuneonavicular
- Cuneocuboid
- Intercuneiform
- Tarsometatarsal
- Intermetatarsal
- Metatarsophalangeal
- Interphalangeal
Chopart's joint (transverse tarsal) and Lisfranc's joint (tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints) are also important.

Ankle Joint

The ankle joint is a compound joint consisting of the tibia, fibula, and talus.
Its shape is trochlear.
- The proximal articular surface is formed by the lower end of the tibia (including the medial malleolus), the lateral malleolus, and the inferior transverse tibiofibular ligament to create a deep tibiofibular socket.
- The distal articular surface is formed by the articular facets on the upper, medial, and lateral aspects of the talus.
The ankle joint has collateral ligaments: medial (deltoid) and lateral ligaments (anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular) that provide stability.

Tarsal Tunnel

A space behind the medial malleolus.
Contains structures like tibial nerve, posterior tibial vessels and tendons of flexor digitorum longus and hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior tendon.

Muscles

Foot muscles are classified as extrinsic (originate outside the foot) and intrinsic (originate within the foot).
Extrinsic muscles act on the foot, causing plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, eversion, and inversion.
Intrinsic muscles control the finer movements of individual toes.
Specific muscles include extensor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis, abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, and the interossei muscles (both dorsal and plantar).

Arterial Supply

The foot's arterial supply comes from the anterior tibial artery (dorsalis pedis) and posterior tibial artery.
- Branches supply the foot's dorsal and plantar surfaces.

Venous Drainage

Superficial veins (dorsal venous arch): drain into the medial and lateral marginal veins.
Deep veins (plantar venous arch): drain into the medial and lateral plantar veins, which then drain into the posterior tibial vein.

Nerves

The foot's nerves come from the tibial, deep fibular, superficial fibular, sural, and saphenous nerves.
Tibial nerve branches into medial and lateral plantar nerves, supplying sensory and motor functions.

Clinical Correlations

Common conditions include:
- Pes planus (flat feet) - loss of medial longitudinal arch
- Ankle sprains (inversions/eversions)
- Pott's fracture (fracture dislocation of the ankle)
- Plantar fasciitis (inflammation of plantar aponeurosis)

Amputations

Severance of a body part due to gangrene, peripheral arterial disease, infection, malignancy, irreparable trauma, compartment syndrome, severe burns, contractures, anomalies or severe thermal/electrical injury are indications for amputation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the foot with this quiz. Explore questions about the bones present in the foot, their shapes, and arrangements. Perfect for students of anatomy, health sciences, or anyone interested in human skeletal structure.