Female Reproductive System
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common location for fertilization in the female reproductive system?

  • Uterus
  • Ovary
  • Vagina
  • Uterine tube (correct)

    • Which ligament is known for its role in supporting the uterus?

  • Transverse cervical ligament (correct)
  • Round ligament (correct)
  • Broad ligament (correct)
  • Uterosacral ligament (correct)

    • In terms of position, what does 'retroflexed' refer to regarding the uterus?

  • Uterus tilted backward (correct)
  • Uterus flexed at the junction of the cervix
  • Uterus tilted forward
  • Uterus logically aligned with the cervix

    • Which structure is primarily involved in the development of oocytes?

    <p>Ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the relationship of the cervix to the vaginal canal?

    <p>The cervix is superior to the vaginal canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the abnormal descent of the uterus?

    <p>Uterine prolapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a part of the female internal genital organs?

    <p>Adrenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the ovarian ligaments play in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Connecting ovaries to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cranial part of the cervix above the attachment of the vagina called?

    <p>Supravaginal part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the broad ligament of the uterus is associated with the ovarian fold?

    <p>Mesovarium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary muscles making up the supporting apparatus of the uterus?

    <p>Levator ani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament helps maintain the uterus's position in anteversion during pregnancy?

    <p>Round ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opening of the cervical canal that leads to the vagina called?

    <p>External os</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical significance is associated with the ureter during the ligation of the ovarian vessels?

    <p>It is located directly posterior to the infundibulopelvic ligament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the broad ligament of the uterus is located caudally?

    <p>Mesometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the cervical canal is true?

    <p>It continues the uterine cavity into the cervix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parametral ligaments are considered less important than which of the following?

    <p>Pelvic floor muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the greater vestibular gland?

    <p>To empty into the vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the labia majora?

    <p>They cover the labia minora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the labia minora in relation to the clitoris?

    <p>They help form the prepuce and frenulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the bulb of vestibule?

    <p>To provide erectile tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily involved in the sensation and sexual response of the female anatomy?

    <p>Clitoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the involuntary leakage of urine in stress urinary incontinence?

    <p>Increased intra-abdominal pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the hilum of the ovary specifically allow access for the ovarian vessels?

    <p>It is a slit in the ovarian parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature attaches the tubal extremity of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall?

    <p>Suspensory ligament of ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands opens into the posterior part of the vestibule?

    <p>Greater vestibular (Bartholin's) gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is directly responsible for the pelvic blood supply to the ovary?

    <p>Ovarian artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the two labia majora anteriorly?

    <p>Anterior commissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'mesovarium' refer to?

    <p>A fold attaching the ovary to the broad ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lesser vestibular glands are present?

    <p>Paired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the ovary faces the pelvic viscera?

    <p>Medial surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ovary connects to the uterine horns?

    <p>Uterine extremity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament extends from the pubic symphysis to the cervix?

    <p>Pubocervical ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides resistance against prolapse in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Uterosacral ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where does the uterine artery approach and ascend tortuously?

    <p>Internal iliac artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as the terminal part of the female genital tract?

    <p>Vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vagina according to the provided information?

    <p>Facilitating copulation and partuition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nodes drain lymph from the cervix laterally?

    <p>External iliac and obturator nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape does the vagina resemble in the transverse plane?

    <p>H lying on the side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the rectum from the vagina posteriorly?

    <p>Perineal body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures flows into the pelvic cavity and encases the vagina?

    <p>Levator ani muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the vesico-uterine ligament extend?

    <p>From the uterus to the urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the labia minora?

    <p>They are lined with mucosa on their medial surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers stress urinary incontinence?

    <p>Raised intra-abdominal pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the anatomy of the clitoris?

    <p>Features crura that are paired bodies of erectile tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the greater vestibular glands open?

    <p>Into the posterior part of the vestibule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the function of the bulb of vestibule?

    <p>Encircles the vaginal orifice and provides structural support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the greater vestibular gland?

    <p>Secretes lubrication during sexual arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for covering the vestibule?

    <p>Labia minora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bulb of vestibule?

    <p>Acts as erectile tissue during arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the lesser vestibular glands typically empty their secretions?

    <p>Into the vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ovary faces the abdominal opening of the uterine tube?

    <p>Tubal extremity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ovarian artery primarily supply?

    <p>The ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligaments are involved in attaching the ovary to the uterine horns?

    <p>Ligament of ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hilum of the ovary?

    <p>A slit through which vessels and nerves enter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure separates the medial and lateral surfaces of the ovary?

    <p>Mesovarian border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the tubal extremity of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall?

    <p>Suspensory ligament of ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the posterior fornix in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Acts as a natural reservoir for semen after ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries are primarily involved in the arterial supply of the vagina?

    <p>Vaginal and internal pudendal arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the posterior fornix in relation to the rectouterine pouch?

    <p>It provides access for surgical procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term accurately describes the position of the uterus when it is angled backward towards the rectum?

    <p>Retroverted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymph nodes are involved in the lymphatic drainage of the vagina?

    <p>Internal and external iliac nodes, sacral nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a complicated ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>It is associated with severe bleeding and rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the broad ligament of the uterus?

    <p>To support and stabilize the position of the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines heterotopic pregnancy?

    <p>A rare occurrence of one intrauterine and one ectopic pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During vaginal delivery, which structures are vulnerable to injury that may lead to stress urinary incontinence?

    <p>Urethra and pelvic floor muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is primarily responsible for supporting the cervix?

    <p>Transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for uterine bleeding that differs in timing or intensity from normal menstrual bleeding?

    <p>Metrorrhagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a myoma or leiomyoma?

    <p>A benign tumor of the myometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature helps prevent uterine prolapse in women who have delivered multiple times?

    <p>Pelvic floor muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure does the term 'vulva' refer to?

    <p>The external female genitalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the uterine tube is most involved in capturing the ovum?

    <p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is not considered a part of the female internal genital organs?

    <p>Clitoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands are located in the vestibule of the vulva?

    <p>Greater vestibular glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the vaginal fornices?

    <p>They help retain semen after ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the uterus during the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Undergoing cyclic transformation to prepare for implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with weakness in the pelvic muscles and tissue?

    <p>Uterine prolapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what anatomical position is the uterus commonly found?

    <p>Anteverted and anteflexed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an ovarian cyst?

    <p>A collection of fluid covered by a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the isthmus of the uterus?

    <p>Acts as a transitional area between the body and cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the angle between the uterine body and the isthmus?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does salpingitis potentially lead to peritonitis?

    <p>Infection travels via the abdominal ostium to the peritoneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical features are encompassed by the external structure of the uterus?

    <p>Body, fundus, isthmus, and cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical os is formed by the upper border of the canalis isthmi?

    <p>Internal os</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the position of the uterus have on spermatozoa?

    <p>Facilitates easy access for sperm to the uterine cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System

    • Uterine Tubes
      • Paired tubular organs attached to the uterine horns
      • Partially cover the ovaries
      • The most common location of fertilization
    • Uterus
      • Unpaired hollow organ
      • Houses the developing embryo and fetus
      • Has three parts:
        • Fundus: the dome-shaped upper portion
        • Body: the central portion
        • Cervix: the lower portion
    • Ovaries
      • Paired intraperitoneal organs located in the pelvis
      • Contain oocytes within follicles that undergo maturation
      • Produce various steroids and polypeptide hormones
      • Ligaments:
        • Suspensory ligament of ovary (infundibulopelvic ligament): attaches the tubal extremity of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall, containing the ovarian artery, vein, nervous plexus, and lymphatic vessels
        • Ligament of the ovary (lig.ovarii proprium): attaches the uterine extremity of the ovary to the uterine horns, containing the ovarian branch of the uterine artery, corresponding veins, and lymphatic vessels
    • Vagina
      • Terminal segment of the female reproductive system
      • Female organ of copulation and part of the birth canal
      • Fornices: recesses surrounding the cervix
        • Posterior fornix: important clinically as it is the site for accessing the peritoneal cavity during surgical procedures
    • Cervix
      • Supravaginal part: cranial part of the cervix above the attachment of the vagina, contains mucosal folds called palmate folds
      • Vaginal part: caudal part of the cervix protruding into the vagina
      • Cervical canal: continuation of the uterine cavity inside the cervix
      • External os of uterus: opening of the cervical canal to the vagina
    • Peritoneal Folds
      • Broad ligament of uterus (lig. latum uteri): double peritoneal fold located in the frontal plane of the lesser pelvis
        • Attached to the uterine border medially and is laterally continuous with the parietal peritoneum of the pelvic wall
        • Mesovarium: Peritoneal fold of the ovary
        • Mesosalpinx: Peritoneal fold of the uterine tube
        • Mesometrium: Peritoneal fold of the uterus
      • Round ligament of uterus (ligamentum teres uteri): keeps the uterus in anteversion during pregnancy
      • Cardinal ligament / transverse cervical ligament (lig.cardinale Mackenrodti / lig.transversum cervicis): paired fibrous band extending laterally from the cervix and isthmus to the pelvic wall
    • Supporting Apparatus of the Uterus
      • Levator ani/pubovaginalis
      • Ischiococcygeus
      • Perineal muscles
    • Arterial Supply of the Uterus
      • Uterine artery: approaches the isthmus from the side and ascends tortuously along the uterine border
        • Originates from the internal iliac artery
    • Stress Urinary Incontinence
      • Involuntary leakage of urine following raised intra-abdominal pressure
      • More common in women and its prevalence increases with age
      • Occurs when bladder pressure exceeds sphincter resistance
      • Can be caused by pelvic floor weakness, intrinsic sphincter deficiency etc.
      • Manifests as predictable, small-volume urinary loss during physical exertion, without irritative bladder symptoms
    • Uterine Prolapse
      • Descent of the uterus into the vaginal canal
      • More common in women who have had multiple vaginal deliveries, due to stretching and weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments

    External Genital Organs

    • Vestibule (vestibulum vaginae): area containing the external openings of the vagina, urethra, and paired accessory glands
    • Greater vestibular gland / Bartholin’s gland (glandula vestibularis major Bartholini): paired gland emptying into the vestibule
    • Lesser vestibular glands (glandulae vestibulares minores): small glands emptying into the vestible
    • Labia majora (labia majora pudendi): cover the labia minora
    • Labia minora (labia minora pudendi): cover the vestibule
    • Clitoris (clitoris): unpaired female erectile body
    • Bulb of vestibule (bulbus vestibuli): pair of female erectile bodies located around the vestibule

    Clinical Correlations

    • Ureter during Ovarian Artery Ligation: The ureter courses posterior to the infundibulopelvic (suspensory ligament of ovary) ligament, close to the medial leaf of the broad ligament. This is important during surgery because care must be taken to avoid injuring the ureter during ligation of the ovarian vessels.
    • Cardinal ligaments: important in uterine support by enabling antero-posterior movements of the uterus
    • Uterosacral ligaments: important in uterine support by providing resistance against prolapse.

    ### Female Reproductive System

    • The female reproductive system (FRS) has external and internal components.
    • The internal organs consist of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
    • The external organs consist of the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, and associated glands.

    Ovary

    • There are two ovaries, located in the pelvic cavity.
    • The ovaries contain oocytes within follicles, where they mature.
    • The ovaries produce steroids and polypeptide hormones.

    Uterine Tube

    • There are two fallopian tubes, each attached to a uterine horn.
    • The fallopian tubes partially cover the ovary.
    • Fertilization most commonly occurs within the fallopian tubes.

    Uterus

    • The uterus is a pear-shaped, unpaired organ located in the pelvis between the bladder and rectum.
    • It houses a developing embryo and fetus.

    Vagina

    • The vagina is the terminal segment of the FRS.
    • It is the female organ of copulation and part of the birth canal.

    External Genitalia

    • The female external genitalia are known as the vulva.
    • The vulva includes the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, and associated glands.
    • The vestibule is an area containing the external openings of the vagina, urethra, and paired glands.

    ### Peritoneal Folds and Artery Supply

    • The ovary is attached to the uterus by the broad ligament.
    • The suspensory ligament of the ovary attaches the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall and contains the ovarian artery and veins.
    • The ovarian ligament attaches the ovary to the uterine horn.

    Vascular Supply of the Ovary

    • The ovaries are supplied by the ovarian artery and the ovarian branch of the uterine artery.
    • The ovarian artery arises from the abdominal aorta.
    • The ovarian branch of the uterine artery arises from the internal iliac artery.

    Uterine Position

    • The uterus is positioned in anteversion (tip of the uterus is tilted forward) and anteflexion (bend at the juncture of the body and cervix).
    • Uterine prolapse occurs when the muscles and tissue in the pelvis weaken, causing the uterus to descend into the vagina.

    ### External Structure of the Uterus

    • The uterus has a body, isthmus, and cervix.
    • The body is the largest part of the uterus, and includes the fundus, uterine horns, and uterine cavity.
    • The isthmus is the narrow transitional area between the body and cervix.
    • The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus.

    Fornices

    • The upper ending of the vagina surrounds the cervix, creating the anterior and posterior fornices (or vaults).
    • The posterior fornix is deeper.

    Vascular Supply of the Vagina

    • The vagina is supplied by the vaginal artery, which arises from the internal iliac artery or the uterine artery.

    Clinical Correlation

    • Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterine endometrium.
    • Tubal pregnancy occurs in the fallopian tube.
    • Interstitial pregnancy occurs in the interstitial portion of the fallopian tube.
    • Heterotopic pregnancy involves multiple gestations, one intrauterine, and one ectopic.

    ### Stress Urinary Incontinence

    • Stress urinary incontinence is involuntary leakage of urine due to raised intra-abdominal pressure.
    • It is more common in women than men.
    • It causes predictable, small-volume urinary loss, typically during physical exertion.

    Clitoris

    • The clitoris is the female erectile organ.
    • It consists of a glans, body, and crura.
    • The crura are paired bodies of erectile tissue attached to the inferior ramus of the pubic bone.
    • The body of the clitoris is formed by the fusion of the crura.
    • The glans of the clitoris is the terminal part.

    Bulb of Vestibule

    • The bulb of the vestibule are paired erectile bodies located around the vestibule.

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    Explore the anatomy and functionality of the female reproductive system, including uterine tubes, uterus, and ovaries. Learn about their roles in reproduction, hormonal production, and structural components. This quiz will deepen your understanding of female anatomy and physiology.

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