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Where do the superior and inferior eyelids join together?

What is the name of the triangle of conjunctiva exposed at the level of the palpebral commissures?

In what location are the mimic muscles hosted in the face?

Which muscle makes possible the movement of the skin that is lining the frontal bone?

What structure is like a large surface of dense connective tissue and merges with one of the levator palpebrae superioris tendons?

What is the name of the second posterior tendon that continues independently from the levator aponeurosis?

What is the structure that separates the skin and subcutaneous tissue from the orbital fat pad?

What type of tissue primarily composes the orbital fat pad?

Which glands are sebaceous glands associated with eyelashes?

Which glands are a huge collection of sebaceous glands not associated with hair follicles?

What is the approximate size of the orbital cavity?

The six muscles of the eye have their origin connected by what structure?

What is the name for muscles which make possible the movements of the eye?

What is the primary component of the orbital fat that fills the spaces around the eye?

Which structure primarily suspends the eyeball vertically?

Which muscle is responsible for moving the eyeball inferiorly?

What type of movement does the medial rectus muscle produce?

What is the transparent part of the fibrous tunic called?

Which structure is the location of stem cells for the corneal epithelium?

What is the condition called where the iris is fully extended and the pupil becomes a tiny opening, typically in bright light?

What is the main function of the sphincter pupillae muscle?

What is the name given to the process of pupil dilation?

What structure connects the ciliary body to the lens?

What is a key characteristic of zonular fibers?

Which layer of the eye is highly vascular and located between the retina and the sclera?

What is the function of the ciliary processes?

What is the most common location for melanoma to develop, other than the skin?

What part of the ciliary body has folds with a radial orientation?

Which layer is responsible for focusing light on the retina?

What is the name of the area where the visual retina begins?

How many main layers comprise the retina?

Which layer of the retina is the most superficial?

Which type of cells primarily compose the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)?

In which retinal layer are the nuclei of photoreceptors located?

Which layer of the retina contains axons of ganglion cells?

What is the primary function of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)?

What is the approximate number of axons of ganglionic cells in the nerve fibers layer?

What condition is caused by vascular endothelial growth factor prompting the proliferation of endothelial cells in the choriocapillary layer?

What is the name of the barrier that prevents glutamate, aspartate and glycine from entering the retina?

What is the name of the location in the retina where retinal detachment often starts?

Which cells are considered the most important glial cells in the retina?

What structure connects the inner and outer segments of photoreceptors?

What is the name of the synaptic button found in rods?

What type of photoreceptors are best suited for black and white vision?

During darkness, what neurotransmitter is released by photoreceptors?

How many main layers are used to describe the retina by ophthalmologists?

In which layer of the retina are the nuclei of photoreceptors located?

What is the estimated number of axons in the nerve fibers layer?

Which vitamin is captured and manipulated by cells of the retinal pigmented epithelium?

What is the name of the barrier that prevents glycine, aspartate, and glutamate from entering the retina?

Where does retinal detachment typically begin?

What type of photoreceptors are responsible for black and white vision?

What type of cell connects photoreceptors to ganglion cells?

At what angle are the centrioles arranged in the organelle connecting the outer and inner segments of photoreceptors?

Where are the soma of ganglion cells located?

Into which layer do the dendrites of ganglion cells extend?

Where do the axons of ganglion cells extend?

Which order of neurons are ganglion cells in the visual pathways?

At which location do ganglion cell axons exit the eye?

Towards which part of the retina do ganglion cells appear later during differentiation?

What type of inputs do ganglion cells receive?

What are the specialized synaptic structures in pre-synaptic bipolar cell terminals called?

What are the two post-synaptic processes opposing each ribbon in the IPL called?

What is one of the typical sources that connect ganglion cells?

What is the purpose of dividing the IPL into two functionally discreet subliminae?

In the IPL, where is sublamina 'a' primarily located?

Which layers does sublamina 'b' stretch to in the IPL?

What type of bipolar cells interact primarily within sublamina a?

What is the function of horizontal cells?

In what direction do horizontal cells transfer information?

What type of cell synapse does one type of horizontal cell make?

What is released by photoreceptors in the dark based on the video transcription?

What neurotransmitter is released by horizontal cells that hyperpolarizes photoreceptors?

In the described horizontal cell circuitry, what causes an ON-bipolar cell to become depolarized?

What type of receptor fields do RGC's have?

When is firing at a maximum in RGC's with an ON-center/OFF-surround receptive field?

What kind of cells are amacrine cells?

What type of cells release and have both presynaptic and postsynaptic endings?

What is the function of interplexiform neurons?

What type of junction makes up an adherens junction?

Which type of cells form the inner limiting membrane?

If there is damage of photoreceptors, outer nuclear layer, bipolar cell layer, outer plexiform layer, or plexiform layer (4) all these layers will be replaced by the proliferation of which type of cell?

General speaking, which cell have an important role in host defence against invading microorganisms in the initiation of inflammatory...

What is the main purpose of the external acoustic meatus?

What type of cartilage forms the auricle (pinna) of the ear?

Ceruminous glands are only associated with which part of the external acoustic meatus?

What instrument is used to inspect the eardrum?

Which of these is a division for the ear?

Which of the following structures is the inferior tip of the malleus/hammer?

Which part of the eardrum primarily contributes to the transfer of acoustic waves?

What is the superior wall of the tympanic cavity called?

What passes lateral to the long limb of the anvil and medial to the handle of the hammer in the tympanic cavity?

Which muscle's primary function is to limit the movements of the stapes?

Which part of the ear is embedded within the temporal bone?

What are the names of the two fluids found within the inner ear?

Which of the following is a component of the bony labyrinth?

What type of stimuli are the vestibule and semicircular canals sensitive to?

Where are the cristae ampullaris located?

What structure contains the receptor organs for hearing?

What is the name given to the shared opening of the anterior and posterior semicircular canals?

The utricle and saccule both contain which structure?

What type of cell is a hair cell?

What structure covers the apical surface of hair cells and is not directly exposed to the endolymph?

What is the name of the elliptical recess located on the medial wall of the vestibule?

Which structure of the inner ear is described as a hollow, bony spiral?

Which cranial nerve does the internal acoustic meatus contain?

What two structures merge to form the vestibular part of cranial nerve VIII?

What is another name for cranial nerve VIII?

What geometric shape best describes the shape of the cochlea?

What is the name for the shared opening of the anterior and posterior semicircular canals?

Which structure receives all the semicircular ducts?

What duct connects the utricle and saccule with the endolymphatic sac?

Which structure is the equivalent of cristae ampullares, but found in the utricle and saccule?

What is the term for the part of the central nervous system (CNS) located within the cranial cavity?

What are aggregations of neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) called?

What is the equivalent of ganglia in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) within the central nervous system (CNS)?

From which embryonic structure are most neurons in the peripheral nervous system derived?

What structure do axons in the PNS form?

What is the term for pathways carrying information toward the central nervous system (CNS)?

What type of cells protect axons in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS)?

What is the connective tissue that wraps each single nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system?

What staining agent is used to visualize myelin sheaths?

What can the compression of a peripheral nerve cause?

What name is given to inflammatory diseases that arise if the peripheral blood barrier is broken?

Which cells are located around the periphery of the soma in ganglia?

How many pairs do the cranial nerves come in?

Through what structure do the axons of the olfactory primary neurons pass?

What structures contain the secondary olfactory neurons?

What is another name for the primary olfactory cortex?

Which Brodmann area corresponds to the secondary olfactory cortex?

What is the main function associated with the secondary olfactory cortex?

Which Brodmann area is the primary olfactory cortex?

What is another name for the optic nerve?

What is the shape of the optic disc?

What is the name of the central white depression in the optic disc?

Which retinal area looks slightly darker than the surrounding retina due to increased pigment?

Relative to veins, what is a characteristic of arteries in the retina?

What cells myelinate the optic nerve after it passes through the sclera?

The optic nerve travels to the orbital cavity through what structure?

What structure is formed by the merging of the optic nerves?

What is the name of the area where CN II exit from the eyeball?

Which Brodmann area is considered the primary visual cortex?

Damage to the inferior radiation of the lateral geniculate nucleus can cause what condition?

What symptom is commonly associated with a defect in cranial nerve III, causing a patient to seek medical attention?

What visual defect, aside from diplopia, can result from defects in cranial nerve III?

What term describes a patient's inability to read due to a sudden issue with focusing?

In cases of abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) defects, which muscle's function is primarily affected?

Which cranial nerve possesses both sensory and motor components but lacks a visceral component?

The mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminus nerve is devoted to which function?

What type of neurons are contained in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminus nerve?

What is the sensory distribution pattern called which is associated with central lesions of the cranial nerve V?

What is the name of the ganglion in which the somatosensory lateral root expands to form?

From which nerve does the lacrimal nerve originate?

Which nerves pass superior to the annulus of Zinn?

What canal does the frontal nerve pass into?

The frontal and lacrimal nerves are what type of nerves?

Through which structure does the nasociliary nerve enter the superior orbital fissure?

What is the name of the nerve that is depicted as originating from the sensory root of the ciliary ganglion?

Which nerve provides innervation to the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

What foramina does the anterior ethmoidal nerve passes through in order to get access to the vestibule?

The nasociliary nerve becomes which nerve at the level of the tendon pulley of the superior oblique muscle?

What is the name of the nerve that is also known as tentorial nerve of Arnold?

The ciliary ganglion is associated to which cranial nerve?

What type of root the ciliary ganglion is NOT associated with?

Which branch in the trigeminal nerve is associated with the Gasserian ganglion?

What is another name for Trigeminal ganglion?

Which of these is a part innervated by the meningeal branch of the maxillary nerve?

What passes on top of the inferior orbital fissure?

Where is located the pterygopalatine fossa?

If you damage one of the teeth, you make a felony in which country?

Foramens called supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental are what type of relationship to each other?

What nerve reenters inside the scalp through the foramen spinosum?

What is the name of the third branch of the cranial nerve V that innervates the masticatory muscles?

Which nerve provides visceromotor innervation for the parotid gland?

Which artery does the auriculotemporal nerve form a hook or ring around?

What is the name for a disease that causes episodes of intense facial pain on the maxillary and mandibular areas?

Which nerve is running close to the apex of molar and premolar teeth?

What provides a complete understanding of the situation when the inferior alveolar nerve is running close to the apex of molar and premolar teeth?

Which nerve provides the entire innervation of the alveoli of the teeth belonging to the inferior quadrants?

How many components does the facial nerve have?

Which muscles are controlled by the facial somatomotor nucleus?

What is the name for the paralysis resulted by peripheral defect of CN VII?

After exiting the neurocranium, cranial nerve VII divides into which two main branches?

Which muscle in the neck is innervated by the facial nerve?

Which muscles are innervated by the temporal branches of the facial nerve?

What area does the glossopharyngeal nerve collect somatosensory information from?

Which of the following nerves provides the parasympathetic route to the otic ganglion?

Where are the neurons' soma located for the stretch receptors affected by carotid sinus syndrome?

Which of the following is a somatomotor nerve that innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?

Which action would be most affected by a defect in cranial nerve XI?

Which cranial nerve can cause dysphagia if there is a defect causing inability to swallow correctly?

Which of these structures does the glossopharyngeal nerve NOT innervate?

If there is no innervation of the parotid gland, which of the following would happen?

Which opening in the skull do cranial nerves IX, X, and XI pass through?

What structure is located close to the internal carotid and external carotid?

Damage to which nerve affecting stylopharyngeus exclusively is possible to be tested by electromyography?

In which case one would lose an activity that is fundamental for our life and not replaceable if damaged bilaterally?

What type of nerve is the hypoglossal nerve?

The hypoglossal trigone is located on the floor of which ventricle?

The fibers of the hypoglossal nerve pass between the anterior paraolivary nuclei and which other structure?

Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit from the neuroaxis?

The preolivary sulcus is continuous with which structure in the spinal cord?

Through which structure does the hypoglossal nerve enter after the rootlets merge?

What opening is very close to the hypoglossal canal?

Which artery is located close to the region where the horizontal sigmoid sinus becomes vertical?

Which muscle has its origin close to the jugular tubercle?

The hypoglossal nerve passes anterior to which artery?

What artery does the hypoglossal nerve pass anterior to?

The hypoglossal nerve is responsible for innervating which muscles of the tongue?

Which cranial nerve innervates the palatoglossus muscle?

All of which muscle is innervated by cranial nerve XII?

Which of the following nerves contains fibers originating from the C1 neuromere?

From which structures does the longissimus capitis muscle originate?

Where does the anterior scalene muscle insert?

From what structures does the middle scalene muscle originate?

The roots of what structure are located between the anterior and middle scalene muscles?

What vertebrae is also known as the prominent vertebra?

What nerve innervates the mastoid process, skin posterior to the auricle, and lobule of the ear?

Which nerve is composed of C2?

What type of information do the transverse cervical nerves (TCN) provide?

Which nerve is the only nerve providing motor innervation to the diaphragm?

The Supraclavicular nerves are contributed by what vertebral nerves?

Which muscle is NOT innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?

What joints receive proprioception and sensory innervation from the musculocutaneous nerve?

Into what does the musculocutaneous nerve change its name at the level of the humeral protrusions?

The right subclavian artery originates from which major vessel?

Which artery does the subclavian artery directly give rise to?

What anatomical landmark marks the medial border of the first portion of the subclavian artery?

Which portion of the subclavian artery is located posterior to the anterior scalene muscle?

Which of the following is included in the first portion of the subclavian artery?

Which of the following arteries is fundamental for brain blood supply?

The costocervical trunk arises from which portion of the subclavian artery?

Which artery supplies the pectoralis minor and major muscles?

The thoracoacromial artery runs over which muscle?

What are the lateral and posterior cords of the brachial plexus related to?

To which muscles does the Axillary nerve distribute?

What nerve innervates all muscles in the forearm's posterior compartment?

The somatic nervous system is associated with what type of movements?

What is the primary response associated with sympathetic activation?

Which bodily function is typically increased during parasympathetic activation?

The sympathetic division is also known as what?

In what regions of the spinal cord do preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate?

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system located?

Which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibers?

What is the diameter range of preganglionic fibers?

Which neurotransmitter is released by the second motor neuron in the parasympathetic nervous system?

What neurotransmitter is released by the second motor neuron in the orthosympathetic nervous system?

What is the typical neurotransmitter found in synapses with clear round vesicles in the PNS?

What is the main function of sympathetic innervation in the salivary glands?

Which type of fibers are contained in the white communicating rami?

Activation of what nerve produces mydriasis?

How many cervical sympathetic cardiac nerves are there?

What type of fibers are contained in the cardiac nerves that innervate the heart?

During a heart attack, where is the pain typically projected?

What type of reaction occurs when the heart starts to slow down due to an infarct?

What is the function of the vagal action in response to ischemic pain?

Where are the soma of the viscerosensory neurons collected that are responsible for vagal reactions?

What is the role of noradrenaline when the heart rate increases?

In Prinzmetal angina, what occurs in the small coronary arteries?

At what heart rate do we typically experience the first signs of hypoxia during exercise?

What nerve collects the somatosensory information related to dust entering the bronchi?

Which nerve collects somatosensory information from the larynx when a bone enters the airways?

What muscle is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve?

What is the function of noradrenaline on the airways?

What three nerves merge to form the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve?

What is the vertebral level of the celiac ganglia?

What is the origin of the sacral parasympathetic nervous system fibers?

What structure do the pelvic splanchnic nerves reach?

What type of fibers does the pudendal nerve carry?

From where does the sympathetic NS system fibers reach the female genital tract ?

Through which plexus do preganglionic fibers pass?

What receptors increase in levels due to the effect of oestrogen stimulation during pregnancy of the uterus?

What replaces alpha1 receptors at the end of pregnancy?

What is 'tocolysis'?

The visceral information from the uterus, tuba, and ovary are carried by?

Which information does the pudendal nerve NOT receive?

Which nerves provide sympathetic innervation to the male genital tract in addition to the lumbar splanchnic nerves?

Through which nerves the parasympathetic innervation is provided?

Erection depends on which nervous system?

The inferior hypogastric plexus receives which fibers?

What occurs with the autonomic fibers which act on M3 receptors?

Which spinal nerves primarily compose the lumbar plexus?

From what structures do the fibers that compose any plexus derive?

Which of the following nerves is found within the anterior ramus of the lumbar plexus' divisions?

The iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves receive major contributions from which spinal nerves?

Which spinal nerves primarily contribute to the genitofemoral nerve?

The obturator nerve is mainly formed by which spinal nerves?

What approximate percentage of individuals possess an accessory obturator nerve?

To which neuromere does the subcostal nerve belong?

Which of the following passes through the psoas major?

The iliohypogastric nerve originates from which spinal nerve(s)?

What is the function of the iliohypogastric nerve?

The iliohypogastric nerve innervates the transverse abdominal muscle and the:

What does the ilioinguinal nerve innervate?

Which muscle is innervated by the genitofemoral nerve?

What nerve brings some sensory fibers to the central part of the femoral triangle?