Anatomy of the External Nose

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the vibrissae in the nasal cavity?

To detect changes in air pressure

To warm the inspired air

To detect odors in the inspired air

To filter coarse particles from inspired air (correct)

Which bone forms the posterior nasal aperture?

Ethmoid bone

Maxillary bone

Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone (correct)

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory mucosa?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (correct)

Simple cuboidal epithelium

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

To increase mucosal area and enhance air turbulence Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

To act as resonance chambers for speech Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the groove inferior to the apex of the nose?

Philtrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mucosa during exhalation?

To reclaim heat and moisture Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone that forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

Both ethmoid and sphenoid bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the olfactory mucosa?

To detect odors Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the small cartilages that support the alae of the nose?

Minor alar cartilages Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the trachea?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the trachealis muscle?

Contracts during coughing to expel mucus Signup and view all the answers

What does the carina refer to in the trachea?

The last tracheal cartilage where it bifurcates Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is found in the submucosa of the trachea?

Loose areolar connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What structure encases the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage in the trachea?

Adventitia Signup and view all the answers

How many orders of branching do the air passages undergo in the bronchial tree?

23 orders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the anatomical location of the lungs?

Occupy the entire thoracic cavity excluding the mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the root of the lung?

To provide a site for vascular and bronchial attachments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found within the mediastinum?

Left main bronchus Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of the lung is considered the costal surface?

The anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces combined Signup and view all the answers

Which membrane is the visceral pleura closely associated with?

Parietal pleura Signup and view all the answers

What structure is located at the hilum of the lung?

Root of the lung Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the lungs and the diaphragm?

The lungs rest on the diaphragm, and the diaphragm's movement helps with breathing. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT found within the hilum of the lung?

Intercostal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the lung is NOT present in the left lung?

Middle lobe Signup and view all the answers

The cardiac notch of the left lung is a concavity that accommodates which structure?

The heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest subdivision of the lung that is served by bronchioles and their branches?

Lobules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the pleura?

Carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is located between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura?

The pleural cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the lobes of the lungs is TRUE?

The right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the larynx?

Voice production and routing of air and food Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilage structure in the larynx is not made of hyaline cartilage?

Epiglottis Signup and view all the answers

How is pitch determined in voice production?

By the length and tension of the vocal cords Signup and view all the answers

Which structure plays no role in sound production but helps close the glottis during swallowing?

Vestibular folds Signup and view all the answers

What psychological function can the vocal folds serve during heavy lifting?

Act as a sphincter to prevent air passage Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of voice production does loudness depend upon?

Force of expelled air Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the glottis is false?

The glottis only opens during swallowing. Signup and view all the answers

What component helps amplify and enhance sound quality during voice production?

Chambers of the pharynx and oral cavity Signup and view all the answers

What type of airway does the larynx provide?

Patent airway Signup and view all the answers

Which structure attaches the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage?

Vocal ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

External Nose

Consists of root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex
Philtrum: a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex
Nostrils (nares): bounded laterally by the alae

Skeletal Framework of the Nose

External skeletal framework formed by frontal bone, nasal bone, septal cartilage, and maxillary bone
Dense fibrous connective tissue and cartilages (major and minor alar cartilages) provide additional support

Nasal Cavity

Divided by a midline nasal septum
Posterior nasal apertures (choanae) open into the nasal pharynx
Roof: ethmoid and sphenoid bones
Floor: hard and soft palates
Subdivisions:
- Vestibule: superior to the nostrils, contains vibrissae to filter coarse particles from inspired air
- Olfactory mucosa: lines the superior nasal cavity, contains smell receptors
- Respiratory mucosa: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous and serous secretions, contains lysozyme and defensins

Nasal Conchae and Functions

Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae protrude from the lateral walls, increasing mucosal area and enhancing air turbulence
During inhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa filter, heat, and moisten air
During exhalation, these structures reclaim heat and moisture

Paranasal Sinuses

Located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
Act as resonance chambers for speech, warm and moisten incoming air, lighten facial bones, and provide a patent airway

Larynx

Cartilages: hyaline cartilage except for the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple), ring-shaped cricoid cartilage, and paired arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages
Epiglottis: elastic cartilage, covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
Vocal ligaments: attach arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage, containing elastic fibers and forming the core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
Vocal folds (true vocal cords): vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs
Vestibular folds (false vocal cords): superior to the vocal folds, no part in sound production, help to close the glottis during swallowing

Voice Production

Speech: intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis
Pitch determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords
Loudness depends upon the force of air
Chambers of the pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhance sound quality
Sound is "shaped" into language by muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

Trachea

Wall composed of three layers: mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia
Mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
Submucosa: connective tissue with seromucous glands
Adventitia: outermost layer made of connective tissue that encases the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Trachealis muscle: connects posterior parts of cartilage rings, contracts during coughing to expel mucus
Carina: last tracheal cartilage, point where trachea branches into two bronchi

Bronchi and Subdivisions

Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching, forming the bronchial (respiratory) tree

Lungs

Occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum
Root: site of vascular and bronchial attachments
Costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
Apex: superior tip
Base: inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
Hilum: on mediastinal surface, site for attachment of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Cardiac notch: concavity on the left lung that accommodates the heart
Left lung is smaller, separated into two lobes by an oblique fissure
Right lung has three lobes separated by oblique and horizontal fissures
Bronchopulmonary segments (10 right, 8-9 left)
Lobules: smallest subdivisions, served by bronchioles and their branches

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Description

This quiz covers the different parts of the external nose, including the root, bridge, dorsum, philtrum, nostrils, and apex. Test your knowledge of the nasal structure and its components.