Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following structures is NOT located within the external ear?
Which of the following structures is NOT located within the external ear?
- Helix
- Semicircular canals (correct)
- Tragus
- Concha
Where does the Auriculotemporal nerve provide cutaneous innervation?
Where does the Auriculotemporal nerve provide cutaneous innervation?
- Anterior aspect of the auricle (correct)
- Upper cranial medial surface
- Lobule of the auricle
- Posterior part of the auricle
Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the extrinsic muscles of the ear?
Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the extrinsic muscles of the ear?
- CN X (Vagus)
- CN VII (Facial) (correct)
- CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)
- CN V (Trigeminal)
Which artery is NOT a primary source of arterial blood supply to the auricle?
Which artery is NOT a primary source of arterial blood supply to the auricle?
Which of the following correctly describes the lymphatic drainage pattern of the auricle?
Which of the following correctly describes the lymphatic drainage pattern of the auricle?
A patient presents with a cauliflower ear. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?
A patient presents with a cauliflower ear. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?
Which of the following structures is NOT found within the external acoustic meatus?
Which of the following structures is NOT found within the external acoustic meatus?
What is the approximate length of the external acoustic meatus in adults?
What is the approximate length of the external acoustic meatus in adults?
Which of the layers makes up the tympanic membrane?
Which of the layers makes up the tympanic membrane?
Which statement accurately describes the Pars flaccida
Which statement accurately describes the Pars flaccida
Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the external surface of the tympanic membrane?
Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the external surface of the tympanic membrane?
Branches from which artery supply the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane?
Branches from which artery supply the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane?
Which nerve innervates the internal surface of the tympanic membrane?
Which nerve innervates the internal surface of the tympanic membrane?
Which of the following structures is NOT located within the middle ear?
Which of the following structures is NOT located within the middle ear?
Which best describes the tympanic cavity proper?
Which best describes the tympanic cavity proper?
What fluid type fills the tympanic cavity?
What fluid type fills the tympanic cavity?
Which of the following is the correct order of the auditory ossicles from the tympanic membrane to the oval window?
Which of the following is the correct order of the auditory ossicles from the tympanic membrane to the oval window?
Which of the following structures is directly attached to the tympanic membrane?
Which of the following structures is directly attached to the tympanic membrane?
What lines the tympanic cavity instead of the periosteal layer
What lines the tympanic cavity instead of the periosteal layer
Which of the following muscles is responsible for dampening down the vibrations of the malleus by tension of the tympanic membrane during loud noises?
Which of the following muscles is responsible for dampening down the vibrations of the malleus by tension of the tympanic membrane during loud noises?
Which cranial nerve innervates the tensor tympani muscle?
Which cranial nerve innervates the tensor tympani muscle?
Which of the following is the primary function of the pharyngotympanic tube?
Which of the following is the primary function of the pharyngotympanic tube?
The pharyngotympanic tube is composed of:
The pharyngotympanic tube is composed of:
Contraction of which muscles opens the pharyngotympanic tube?
Contraction of which muscles opens the pharyngotympanic tube?
If a patient has excessive acuteness of hearing (hyperacusis), which of the following muscles is MOST likely paralyzed?
If a patient has excessive acuteness of hearing (hyperacusis), which of the following muscles is MOST likely paralyzed?
Through which structure does the tympanic cavity connect to the mastoid cells?
Through which structure does the tympanic cavity connect to the mastoid cells?
Damage to the chorda tympani nerve within the middle ear can result in:
Damage to the chorda tympani nerve within the middle ear can result in:
If the tegmental wall is damaged what structure could be at risk?
If the tegmental wall is damaged what structure could be at risk?
A patient is diagnosed with mastoiditis. Which of the following is the MOST likely route of infection?
A patient is diagnosed with mastoiditis. Which of the following is the MOST likely route of infection?
The jugular wall of the tympanic cavity separates what structure?
The jugular wall of the tympanic cavity separates what structure?
Which of the following structures is MOST at risk during surgery or invasive disease of the anterior (carotid) wall of the tympanic cavity?
Which of the following structures is MOST at risk during surgery or invasive disease of the anterior (carotid) wall of the tympanic cavity?
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the middle ear?
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the middle ear?
Where does the pharyngotympanic not receive fibers from?
Where does the pharyngotympanic not receive fibers from?
The ascending pharyngeal artery gives blood supply to which of the following?
The ascending pharyngeal artery gives blood supply to which of the following?
Where does the lymphatic system drain into from the pharyngotympanic tube?
Where does the lymphatic system drain into from the pharyngotympanic tube?
What are the two main parts of the inner ear?
What are the two main parts of the inner ear?
Which best describes what fluid type are the sacs and ducts within the bony labirynth?
Which best describes what fluid type are the sacs and ducts within the bony labirynth?
Damage to the peripheral auditory system can result in which of the following?
Damage to the peripheral auditory system can result in which of the following?
Which best describes the Scala tympani?
Which best describes the Scala tympani?
Through which structure do the CN VII, CN VIII, and the labyrinthine artery transit?
Through which structure do the CN VII, CN VIII, and the labyrinthine artery transit?
Which of the following is the MOST appropriate course of action if a patient develops lateral sinus thrombophlebitis in the temporal bone?
Which of the following is the MOST appropriate course of action if a patient develops lateral sinus thrombophlebitis in the temporal bone?
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the anterior aspect of the lateral surface of the auricle, including the rim of the concha and tragus?
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the anterior aspect of the lateral surface of the auricle, including the rim of the concha and tragus?
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the temporal branch of CN VII?
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the temporal branch of CN VII?
Through which structure does the chorda tympani nerve traverse the middle ear?
Through which structure does the chorda tympani nerve traverse the middle ear?
Which of the following structures supplies blood to the pharyngotympanic tube?
Which of the following structures supplies blood to the pharyngotympanic tube?
Which of the following muscles contracts to open the pharyngotympanic tube?
Which of the following muscles contracts to open the pharyngotympanic tube?
A patient presents with sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo after a chronic middle ear infection. Which of the following structures is MOST likely affected?
A patient presents with sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo after a chronic middle ear infection. Which of the following structures is MOST likely affected?
A surgeon is performing a myringotomy and notes the chorda tympani’s path. Damage to which structure causes altered taste sensation (loss of sweet and salty) on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
A surgeon is performing a myringotomy and notes the chorda tympani’s path. Damage to which structure causes altered taste sensation (loss of sweet and salty) on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Following a severe blow to the head, a patient experiences a conductive hearing loss that is localized to the middle ear. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?
Following a severe blow to the head, a patient experiences a conductive hearing loss that is localized to the middle ear. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?
A patient is diagnosed with mastoiditis. Which of the following pathways is MOST likely involved in the spread of infection from the middle ear?
A patient is diagnosed with mastoiditis. Which of the following pathways is MOST likely involved in the spread of infection from the middle ear?
In a rare and complex case, a patient’s imaging reveals that an infection has eroded through the tegmen tympani, potentially leading to severe complications. Which anatomical space is now at immediate risk of being directly compromised?
In a rare and complex case, a patient’s imaging reveals that an infection has eroded through the tegmen tympani, potentially leading to severe complications. Which anatomical space is now at immediate risk of being directly compromised?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of the auricle's composition?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of the auricle's composition?
Which anatomical structure of the auricle is correctly paired with its location?
Which anatomical structure of the auricle is correctly paired with its location?
The lobule of the auricle is characterized by which of the following?
The lobule of the auricle is characterized by which of the following?
Which of the following describes the function of cerumen?
Which of the following describes the function of cerumen?
What is the primary characteristic of the bony part of the external acoustic meatus?
What is the primary characteristic of the bony part of the external acoustic meatus?
What is the clinical significance of the pars flaccida?
What is the clinical significance of the pars flaccida?
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the internal surface of the tympanic membrane?
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the internal surface of the tympanic membrane?
The roof of the tympanic cavity is formed by which structure?
The roof of the tympanic cavity is formed by which structure?
What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?
What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?
Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in opening the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing?
Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in opening the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing?
The medial wall of the tympanic cavity contains which of the following structures?
The medial wall of the tympanic cavity contains which of the following structures?
Which artery is NOT a primary source of arterial blood supply to the middle ear?
Which artery is NOT a primary source of arterial blood supply to the middle ear?
The stapedius muscle has which primary function?
The stapedius muscle has which primary function?
Which nerve innervates the stapedius muscle?
Which nerve innervates the stapedius muscle?
Unlike other bones of the body, the auditory ossicles lack periosteum, and are instead covered by:
Unlike other bones of the body, the auditory ossicles lack periosteum, and are instead covered by:
Through with structure does the tympanic cavity connect to the mastoid air cells?
Through with structure does the tympanic cavity connect to the mastoid air cells?
What would be the MOST likely result of untreated otitis media?
What would be the MOST likely result of untreated otitis media?
A patient exhibits conductive hearing loss and is diagnosed with a middle ear effusion. Dysfunction of which structure is MOST likely the underlying cause?
A patient exhibits conductive hearing loss and is diagnosed with a middle ear effusion. Dysfunction of which structure is MOST likely the underlying cause?
A surgeon mistakenly severs the chorda tympani nerve during a middle ear procedure. Which of the following deficits would be MOST likely to occur?
A surgeon mistakenly severs the chorda tympani nerve during a middle ear procedure. Which of the following deficits would be MOST likely to occur?
A patient presents with sensorineural hearing loss. Imaging reveals damage within the bony labyrinth of the inner ear that spares the cochlea. Which specific anatomical structure within the bony labyrinth is MOST likely affected, leading to this patient's symptoms?
A patient presents with sensorineural hearing loss. Imaging reveals damage within the bony labyrinth of the inner ear that spares the cochlea. Which specific anatomical structure within the bony labyrinth is MOST likely affected, leading to this patient's symptoms?
Flashcards
External Ear
External Ear
The outermost part of the ear, collecting sound waves.
Auricle
Auricle
Also known as the pinna, composed of elastic cartilage covered by thin skin.
External Acoustic Meatus
External Acoustic Meatus
Lined with hairs and sebaceous glands, providing protection.
Extrinsic Muscles of the Ear
Extrinsic Muscles of the Ear
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External Surface of Tympanic Membrane
External Surface of Tympanic Membrane
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Internal Surface of Tympanic Membrane
Internal Surface of Tympanic Membrane
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Blood Supply to Tympanic Membrane
Blood Supply to Tympanic Membrane
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Lymphatic Drainage of Auricle
Lymphatic Drainage of Auricle
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Components of Middle Ear
Components of Middle Ear
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Auditory Ossicles
Auditory Ossicles
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Pharyngotympanic Tube
Pharyngotympanic Tube
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Tensor Tympani Muscle
Tensor Tympani Muscle
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Stapedius Muscle
Stapedius Muscle
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Tegmen Tympani
Tegmen Tympani
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Medial Wall Injury Risk
Medial Wall Injury Risk
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Posterior Wall Risk
Posterior Wall Risk
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Components of the Pharyngotympanic Tube
Components of the Pharyngotympanic Tube
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Inner Ear
Inner Ear
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Bony Labyrinth Components
Bony Labyrinth Components
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Membranous Labyrinth Components
Membranous Labyrinth Components
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Peripheral Auditory System Injuries
Peripheral Auditory System Injuries
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
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Internal acoustic meatus
Internal acoustic meatus
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Anatomy: External ear
Anatomy: External ear
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Anatomy: Helix
Anatomy: Helix
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Anatomy: Tragus
Anatomy: Tragus
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Anatomy: Concha
Anatomy: Concha
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Anatomy: Lobule
Anatomy: Lobule
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External Acoustic Meatus function
External Acoustic Meatus function
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Ceruminous glands
Ceruminous glands
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Tympanic Membrane Function
Tympanic Membrane Function
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Anatomy: Umbo
Anatomy: Umbo
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Anatomy: Pars flaccida
Anatomy: Pars flaccida
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Auditory (Eustachian) tube
Auditory (Eustachian) tube
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Anatomy: Auditory ossicles
Anatomy: Auditory ossicles
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Malleus Function
Malleus Function
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Stapedius muscle function
Stapedius muscle function
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Internal ear function
Internal ear function
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Study Notes
The Ear
- The external ear collects sound waves.
External Ear
- The auricle, also known as the pinna, is composed of elastic cartilage covered by dense, irregular connective tissue
- The Auricle's thin skin includes hair, exocrine glands, and sebaceous glands
- The tragus is an anterior prominence that surrounds the entrance to the external acoustic meatus
- The concha is its deepest depression
External Ear Sensory Innervation
- Auriculotemporal nerve (V3), supplies skin of the anterior aspect of the auricle's lateral surface including the rim of the concha, crus of the helix, and tragus
- The auricular branch of the Vagus nerve (CN X) supplies the skin of the concha
- The Vagus nerve (CN X) and facial nerve (CN VII) supplies a minor contribution to the skin of the concha and its eminence
Lymphatic Drainage of the Auricle
- Superficial parotid drains the lateral surface of the superior half of the auricle
- Mastoid (retroauricular) & Deep cervical drains the medial surface of the superior half of the auricle
- Superficial cervical drains the remainder of the auricle, including the lobule
External Acoustic (Auditory) Meatus
- Ceruminous glands (modified apocrine sweat glands) and sebaceous glands produce cerumen ("ear wax"), which helps prevent moisture trapped in the canal from macerating the epithelium
The Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
- The external surface of the tympanic membrane is supplied by the auriculotemporal nerve (from CN V3), with a small contribution from the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)
- The internal surface of the tympanic membrane is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Ear Infections
- Acute Otitis Externa:
- Is the inflammation of the external acoustic meatus
- Characterized by itching and pain in the external ear which increases when the auricle is pulled or pressure is applied to the tragus
- Common in people that do not dry their meatus well, but it can also be due to a bacterial infection
- Otitis Media:
- Presents with an earache and red tympanic membrane (pus or fluid buildup)
- Often secondary to upper respiratory infections
- The Pharyngotympanic tube may be partially or completely blocked disrupting drainage
- Symptoms: ear popping
- May produce impaired hearing if untreated
Boundaries of the Tympanic Cavity
- In the superior part of the posterior (mastoid) wall is an opening that connects the tympanic cavity to the mastoid cells (aditus to the mastoid antrum)
- The canal for CN VII descends between the posterior wall and the antrum, medial to the aditus
Sensory Innervation to the Middle Ear
- Tympanic plexus provides inneration via a branch of CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) and the caroticotympanic nerves from the internal carotid plexus
- Pharyngotympanic tube fibers come from the tympanic plexus (CN IX), and from the pterygopalatine ganglion
Blood Supply to the Pharyngotympanic
- Ascending pharyngeal artery and artery of the pterygoid canal are derived from the external carotid artery
Composition of the Internal Ear
- Bony labyrinth is composed of cavities within the otic capsule of the petrous part of the temporal bone
- Cochlea is a shell-shaped bony art
- the Cochlear duct is concerned with hearing
- Vestibule is a small oval chamber (~5mm long) which is continuous with the cochlea (anteriorly) and the semicircular canals (posteriorly).
- features the oval window, and it is composed of the utricle, saccule and balancing apparatus.
- Semicircular canals (anterior, lateral and posterior) have dilated ends called the ampullae which contain a sensory area called the ampullary crest
- communicate with the vestibule of the bony labyrinth
- Cochlea is a shell-shaped bony art
- Membranous labyrinth contains endolymph and perilymph
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