Anatomy of the Clavicle and Upper Limb
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Questions and Answers

How many bones make up each upper limb?

  • 26
  • 28
  • 30
  • 32 (correct)

    • Which bone is described as the only bony attachment between the trunk and upper limb?

  • Scapula
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Clavicle (correct)

    • What is the primary function of the clavicle?

  • To form the wrist joint
  • To connect to the spine
  • To support the head
  • To transmit forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton (correct)

    • Which statement about the clavicle is true?

    <p>It is subcutaneous throughout its extent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point in embryonic development does the clavicle begin to ossify?

    <p>Fifth to sixth week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the clavicle is flattened and articulates with the acromion process?

    <p>Lateral end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature does the clavicle have compared to other long bones?

    <p>It ossifies in membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the clavicle at approximately 25 years of age?

    <p>It fully ossifies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape characterizes the medial end of the clavicle?

    <p>Saddle-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the clavicle articulates with the acromion?

    <p>Lateral end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conoid tubercle is located on which surface of the clavicle?

    <p>Inferior surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the shaft of the clavicle?

    <p>Curved with two parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligaments attach to the medial end of the clavicle?

    <p>Articular disc and interclavicular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates from the anterior border of the clavicle?

    <p>Deltoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the inferior surface of the lateral one-third of the clavicle?

    <p>It presents a conoid tubercle and trapezoid ridge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the lateral one-third of the clavicle?

    <p>Flattened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates from the anterior surface of the clavicle?

    <p>Pectoralis major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which end of the clavicle is the nutrient foramen located?

    <p>Lateral end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ossification occurs in the clavicle?

    <p>Membranocartilaginous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point in fetal development does the primary ossification of the clavicle begin?

    <p>5–6 weeks of intrauterine life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament attaches to the costoclavicular impression on the inferior surface of the clavicle?

    <p>Costoclavicular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common site for clavicle fractures?

    <p>Junction of lateral one-third and medial two-third</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle inserts into the subclavian groove on the inferior surface of the clavicle?

    <p>Subclavius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do the secondary ossification centers at the sternal and acromial ends typically appear?

    <p>20th year and 19-20 years respectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature does the suprascapular notch transform into due to the superior transverse ligament?

    <p>Suprascapular foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle arises from the infraglenoid tubercle?

    <p>Triceps muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located at the superior angle of the scapula?

    <p>Second rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is attached to the margins of the glenoid cavity?

    <p>Glenoid labrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which border of the scapula is the thickest and acts as a fulcrum during rotation?

    <p>Lateral border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are inserted on the dorsal aspect of the medial border of the scapula?

    <p>Rhomboid minor and major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the glenohumeral joint with the head of the humerus?

    <p>Glenoid cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inferior angle of the scapula is related to which rib or intercostal space?

    <p>7th rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary structure does the head of the radius articulate with superiorly?

    <p>Capitulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is attached to the medial side of the neck of the radius?

    <p>Quadrate ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates from the anterior surface of the radius?

    <p>Flexor pollicis longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of the medial (interosseous) border of the radius?

    <p>It is the sharpest border.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is located a little above the middle of the anterior surface of the radius?

    <p>Nutrient foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure covers the smooth anterior part of the radial tuberosity?

    <p>Synovial bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the posterior border of the shaft of the radius do above its middle third?

    <p>Runs upwards and medially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is inserted on the lower one-fourth of the anterior surface of the radius?

    <p>Pronator quadratus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is inserted on the widened upper one-third of the lateral surface of the radius?

    <p>Supinator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the anterior surface of the lower end of the radius provide attachment for?

    <p>Palmar radio-carpal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the center for the lower end of the radius appear?

    <p>During the first year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of Madelung deformity?

    <p>Anterior bowing of the distal end of radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tendons traverse the groove lateral to Lister's tubercle?

    <p>Extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located on the medial surface of the lower end of the radius?

    <p>Ulnar notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the upper epiphysis of the radius typically fuse?

    <p>At twelve years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area presents a triangular region for articulation with the scaphoid at the radius?

    <p>Inferior (distal) surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    <h1>=</h1> <h1>=</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Osteology of the Upper Limb

    • The upper limb contains 32 bones, including bones of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm, wrist, hand, and digits.
    • The pectoral girdle bones include the scapula (1) and clavicle (1).
    • The arm bone is the humerus (1).
    • The forearm bones are the radius (1) and ulna (1).
    • The wrist bones are the carpals (8).
    • The hand bones are the metacarpals (5).
    • The digit bones are the phalanges (14).

    Clavicle

    • The clavicle, or collarbone, is a long bone with a slight S-shaped curve.
    • It is located horizontally on the anterior aspect of the body, at the junction of the root of the neck and trunk.
    • It articulates medially with the sternum and first rib cartilage, and laterally with the acromion process of the scapula.
    • It is subcutaneous, allowing palpation along its entire length.
    • It is the only bony attachment between the trunk and upper limb.

    Clavicle Functions

    • The clavicle acts as a strut, holding the upper limb away from the trunk to enable free movement.
    • It transmits forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton (sternum).
    • It provides an attachment area for muscles.

    Clavicle Features

    • It is the only long bone laying horizontally.
    • It has no medullary cavity.
    • It is subcutaneous throughout its extent.
    • It is the first bone to start ossifying (between the fifth and sixth week of intrauterine life) and the last to complete ossification (at 25 years).
    • It ossifies by two primary and two secondary centres.
    • It can be pierced by the supraclavicular nerve.

    Clavicle Parts

    • Ends:
      • The lateral (acromial) end is flattened above and downwards and articulates with the acromion margin.
      • The medial (sternal) end is enlarged and quadrilateral, articulating with the clavicular notch of the manubrium sterni.
    • Shaft: The shaft is curved, with its medial two-thirds round and convex forwards and its lateral one-third flattened and concave forwards. The inferior surface of the shaft has a small longitudinal groove in its middle third.

    Features and Attachments of the Clavicle Parts

    • Lateral End/Acromial End:
      • An oval facet on this end articulates with a facet on the medial margin of the acromion to form the acromioclavicular joint.
      • The lateral end provides attachment to the fibrous capsule of the acromioclavicular joint.
    • Medial End/Sternal End:
      • The enlarged medial end has a saddle-shaped articular surface, articulating with the clavicular notch of manubrium sterni to form the sternoclavicular joint.
      • It offers attachment to a fibrous capsule, an articular disc, and the interclavicular ligament.

    Scapula (Shoulder Blade)

    • The scapula, a large, flattened, and triangular bone, is located on the upper part of the posterolateral aspect of the thorax, opposite ribs 2 to 7.
    • The scapula has a body and three processes: spine, acromion, and coracoid.

    Scapula Body

    • The body is triangular, thin, and transparent; it features two surfaces (costal and dorsal), three borders (superior, lateral, and medial), and three angles (inferior, superior, and lateral).
    • The dorsal surface has a shelf-like projection called the spinous process.
    • The lateral angle is truncated to a glenoid cavity.

    Scapula Processes

    • Spinous Process: A shelf-like bony projection on the dorsal aspect of the body.
    • Acromion Process: Projects forward almost at right angles from the lateral end of the spine.
    • Coracoid Process: Shaped similar to a bird's beak, arising from the upper border of the head and bending sharply to project superoanteriorly.

    Scapula Attachments (Surfaces)

    • Costal Surface (Subscapular Fossa):
      • Concave and directed medially and forwards.
      • Presents three longitudinal ridges for attachment to the intramuscular tendons of the subscapularis muscle.
      • The subscapularis muscle originates from the medial two-thirds of the subscapular fossa, except near the neck where the subscapular bursa is between the neck and the subscapularis tendon.
    • Dorsal Surface:
      • The dorsal surface is convex and presents a shelf-like structure called the spinous process.
      • The spinous process divides the dorsal surface into the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae.

    Humerus

    • The humerus is a long bone, comprising the upper end, lower end, and shaft.
    • The upper end displays the head, neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, and intertubercular sulcus.
    • The lower end showcases the capitulum, trochlea, radial fossa, coronoid fossa, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, and olecranon fossa.
    • The shaft extends between the upper and lower ends; it is cylindrical in its upper half and flattened anteroposteriorly in its lower half.

    Radius

    • The radius, positioned laterally in the forearm, is homologous to the tibia in the leg.
    • The radius is a long bone and comprises the upper, shaft, and lower ends. 
    • The upper end presents a disc-shaped head, a constricted neck, and a radial tuberosity.
    • The shaft connects the upper and lower ends, exhibiting a lateral convexity and a concave anterior surface in its distal part.

    Ulna

    • The ulna, the medial bone in the forearm, is similar to the fibula in the leg.
    • It has a long shaft running between the upper and lower ends, with a sharp crest-like lateral border.
    • The lower end is slightly expanded, having a head and a styloid process. 

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    Osteology of the Upper Limb PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the clavicle and its role in the upper limb. This quiz covers key aspects such as the number of bones in the upper limb, the function of the clavicle, and its unique characteristics. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or preparing for exams.

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