Anatomy of the Back and Vertebral Column
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the true back muscles?

  • Moving the upper limbs
  • Moving the axial skeleton (correct)
  • Maintaining posture
  • Protecting the spinal cord
  • What is the longest part of the axial skeleton?

  • Vertebral column (correct)
  • Sternum
  • Cranium
  • Ribs
  • What is the main purpose of the vertebral column?

  • To protect the spinal cord
  • To support the weight of the body
  • To provide a rigid axis for the body
  • All of the above (correct)
  • What percentage of the vertebral column is formed by intervertebral discs?

    <p>One quarter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the vertebral column in locomotion?

    <p>It plays an important role in posture and locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of the vertebral column in adults?

    <p>72-75 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the back?

    <p>To provide a layer of protection and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spinal cord and meninges in the back?

    <p>To transmit nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the meningeal branches that run back through the foramina into the vertebral canal?

    <p>Recurrent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT supplied by nerve fibers from the nerves of the vertebral column?

    <p>Spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nerve fibers that supply the anuli fibrosi and ligaments?

    <p>Proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sympathetic fibers that supply the blood vessels within the vertebral canal?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many vertebrae are typically found in an adult vertebral column?

    <p>33</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the anuli fibrosi located?

    <p>IV discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vertebral body?

    <p>Giving strength to the vertebral column and supporting body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nerve fibers that supply the periosteum?

    <p>Pain reception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the joint that facilitates flexibility in the vertebral column?

    <p>Synovial zygapophysial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the smaller, cylindrical bones that make up the vertebral column?

    <p>Vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the region where the vertebral column and sacrum meet?

    <p>Lumbosacral angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone is found in the vertebral body?

    <p>Trabecular bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sacral vertebrae fuse in adults to form the sacrum?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do the 4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form the coccyx?

    <p>After approximately 30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sacrum in the body?

    <p>To transmit the weight of the body to the pelvic girdle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thebundle of spinal nerve roots arising inferior to the L1 vertebra known as?

    <p>Cauda equina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the posterior atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial membranes?

    <p>To span the gaps between the atlas and occipital bone and the axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of sacral foramina are typically found on the pelvic and posterior surfaces of the sacrum?

    <p>Four pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the mobility of the vertebral column?

    <p>The compressibility and elasticity of the IV discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the S1 vertebra is an important obstetrical landmark?

    <p>Sacral promontory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for bending of the vertebral column to the right or left from the neutral position?

    <p>Lateral flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for returning to the erect posture from a position of lateral flexion?

    <p>Lateral extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angle at which the sacrum articulates with the L5 vertebra?

    <p>130° to 160°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the pelvic surface of the sacrum?

    <p>Smooth and concave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure do the vertebral arteries penetrate before traversing the foramen magnum?

    <p>The atlanto-occipital membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the dorsal surface of the sacrum?

    <p>Rough and convex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anterolateral abdominal muscles in movements of the vertebral column?

    <p>They assist movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the fusion of the sacral vertebrae start?

    <p>After age 20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the axis of movement in the vertebral column?

    <p>The nuclei pulposi of the IV discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aging on the range of movement of the vertebral column?

    <p>It decreases by 50% or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Back

    • The back is the posterior aspect of the trunk, inferior to the neck and superior to the buttocks.
    • It comprises skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, vertebral column, ribs, spinal cord, and meninges.
    • The back is the region where the head, neck, and limbs are attached.

    Overview of Vertebral Column

    • The vertebral column is the skeleton of the neck and back that forms the axial skeleton.
    • It extends from the cranium to the apex of the coccyx, approximately 72-75 cm long.
    • The vertebral column:
      • Protects the spinal cord and spinal nerves.
      • Supports the weight of the body superior to the level of the pelvis.
      • Provides a partly rigid and flexible axis for the body.
      • Plays an important role in posture and locomotion.

    Vertebrae

    • There are 33 vertebrae in an adult, arranged in five regions: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal.
    • Significant motion occurs only between the 25 superior vertebrae.
    • The vertebrae gradually become larger as the vertebral column descends to the sacrum and then become progressively smaller towards the apex of the coccyx.
    • The vertebral column is flexible due to the many small bones separated by resilient intervertebral discs.

    Structure and Function of Vertebrae

    • A typical vertebra consists of a vertebral body, vertebral arch, and seven processes.
    • The vertebral body is the more massive, roughly cylindrical, anterior part of the bone that gives strength to the vertebral column and supports body weight.
    • The size of the vertebral bodies increases as the column descends, most markedly from T4 inferiorly, as each bears progressively greater body weight.
    • The vertebral body consists of vascular, trabecular (spongy, cancellous) bone enclosed by a thin external layer of compact bone.

    Sacrum

    • The sacrum provides strength and stability to the pelvis and transmits the weight of the body to the pelvic girdle.
    • The sacral canal is the continuation of the vertebral canal in the sacrum, containing the bundle of spinal nerve roots arising inferior to the L1 vertebra.
    • There are four pairs of sacral foramina on the pelvic and posterior surfaces of the sacrum for the exit of the posterior and anterior rami of the spinal nerves.
    • The sacrum is tilted so that it articulates with the L5 vertebra at the lumbosacral angle, which varies from 130° to 160°.

    Movements of the Vertebral Column

    • The range of movement of the vertebral column varies according to the region and the individual.
    • The vertebral column is capable of flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation (torsion).
    • The range of movement is limited by the:
      • Thickness, elasticity, and compressibility of the intervertebral discs.
      • Shape and orientation of the zygapophysial joints.
      • Tension of the joint capsules of the zygapophysial joints.
      • Resistance of the back muscles and ligaments.
      • Attachment to the thoracic (rib) cage.
      • Bulk of surrounding tissue.

    Nerves of Vertebral Column

    • As the spinal nerves exit the intervertebral foramina, most of the meningeal branches run back through the foramina into the vertebral canal.
    • Some branches remain outside the canal and are distributed to the anterolateral aspect of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs.
    • The nerves also supply the periosteum, annuli fibrosi, and anterior longitudinal ligament.
    • Inside the vertebral canal, transverse, ascending, and descending branches distribute nerve fibers to the:
      • Periosteum.
      • Ligamenta flava.
      • Anuli fibrosi of the posterior and posterolateral aspect of the intervertebral discs.
      • Posterior longitudinal ligament.
      • Spinal dura mater.
      • Blood vessels within the vertebral canal.

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    Description

    Learn about the structure and composition of the back, including skin, muscles, and vertebral column. Understand the functions and anatomy of the vertebral column.

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