Anatomy of the Ankle and Foot

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the ankle and foot?

To facilitate knee flexion and extension

To provide a rigid base for weight bearing

To rotate the leg during walking

To absorb stress and adapt to uneven surfaces (correct)

What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

Syndesmosis

Hinge joint

Plane joint (correct)

Ball and socket joint

During dorsiflexion, what type of glide occurs in the proximal tibiofibular joint?

Forward glide

Posterior glide

Cranial glide (correct)

Caudal glide

What is the shape of the trochlea of the talus?

Wider anteriorly than posteriorly Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

Hinge joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the rest position of the talocrural joint?

10 degrees of plantar flexion Signup and view all the answers

What is the concave/convex rule for the open kinematic chain?

Convex rule Signup and view all the answers

During dorsiflexion in the open kinematic chain, what type of motion occurs between the dome of the talus and the distal tibia/fibula?

Convex moves on concave Signup and view all the answers

What is a static stabilizer of the talocrural joint?

Deltoid ligament Signup and view all the answers

What provides medial stability to the talocrural joint?

Deltoid ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament provides lateral stability to the ankle?

Calcaneofibular ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot?

Tibialis anterior Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the subtalar/talocalcaneal joint?

To orient the foot with respect to the 2 remaining axes in space Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the joint that consists of three separate plane articulations between the talus and the calcaneus?

Subtalar/talocalcaneal joint Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is part of the midfoot?

Cuboid Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the action of the foot absorbing shock during the loading phase of gait?

Pronation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the foot joints?

To adapt to irregularities and absorb shock Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for plantarflexion of the foot?

Gastrocnemius Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the geometry of the subtalar/talocalcaneal joint that allows supination and pronation of the ankle?

Three separate plane articulations Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is responsible for orienting the foot with respect to the 2 remaining axes in space?

Subtalar/talocalcaneal joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament in the subtalar joint?

It provides stability to the subtalar joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the combination of movements that occurs during pronation of the subtalar joint?

Dorsiflexion, eversión, and abduction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ligaments supports the medial arch?

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle supports the external arch?

Peroneus longus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the windlass plantar mechanism?

It raises the longitudinal arches Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones forms the medial arch?

Navicular Signup and view all the answers

What is the axis of movement during osteokinematics of the subtalar joint?

Oblique axis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is responsible for pronation and supination?

Subtalar joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the rule of the posterior facet of the calcaneus during arthrokinematics of the subtalar joint?

Convex rule Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles supports the anterior arch?

Adductor hallucis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ankle and Foot Function

Provide a stable base while conforming to uneven surfaces
Flexible to absorb stress and adapt to the ground
Rigid to withstand propulsive forces and push off
Weight bearing during walking, running, and standing
Allows positioning of the foot

Tibiofibular Joints

Proximal tibiofibular joint (PTFJ):
- Plane joint
- Anterior and posterior proximal tibiofibular ligaments
- Interosseous membrane
Distal tibiofibular joint (DTFJ):
- Syndesmosis
- Anterior and posterior distal tibiofibular ligaments
- Fibrous fat tissue connecting the tibia and fibula

Arthrokinematics of the Tibiofibular Joints

Slight gliding motion in the PTFJ during osteokinematics of the ankle and knees:
- Dorsiflexion: cranial glide
- Plantar flexion: caudal glide
- Knee flexion: forward glide
- Knee extension: posterior glide
DTFJ:
- Dorsiflexion: separation
- Plantar flexion: approximation

Talocrural Joint

Mortise by medial malleolus and lateral malleolus
Hinge joint, 1 degree of freedom
Rest position: 10 degrees plantar flexion
Close pack: maximal dorsiflexion
Concave/convex rule:
- Open kinematic chain: convex rule
- Close kinematic chain: concave rule

Arthrokinematics of the Talocrural Joint

During dorsiflexion in OKC, the dome of the talus is convex, and the distal tibia/fibula is concave
Talus (convex): anterior roll, posterior glide
Mortise (concave): anterior roll, anterior glide

Talocrural Joint Stability

Static stabilizers (passive structures):
- Mortise and talar shape
- Gravity
- Capsule and ligaments
- Medial stability: deltoid ligament
- Lateral stability:
  - Anterior talofibular ligament
  - Posterior talofibular ligament
  - Calcaneofibular ligament
Dynamic stabilizers: musculature

Kinetics

Dorsiflexion:
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Extensor hallucis longus
Plantar flexion:
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Tibialis posterior
- Peroneus longus and brevis
- Plantaris
- Flexor hallucis longus

Foot Anatomy

Rearfoot: calcaneus, talus
Midfoot: navicular, cuboid, 3 cuneiforms
Forefoot: metatarsals and phalanges

Foot Joints

Subtalar/talocalcaneal joint
Mediotarsal (Chopart's) joint:
- Talonavicular
- Calcaneocuboid
- 5 tarsometatarsal joints
- Cubonavicular, cuneonavicular

Subtalar Joint

Talus on calcaneus
Synovial, gliding joint
Three separate plane articulations between the talus superiorly and the calcaneus inferiorly:
- Posterior
- Medial
- Anterior

Subtalar Joint Stability

Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
Lateral talocalcaneal ligament
Posterior talocalcaneal ligament
Medial talocalcaneal ligament

Ankle Osteokinematics

Osteokinematics of the subtalar joint:
- Oblique axis, hence pronation and supination
- Pronation: dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction (lowering of the arch)
- Supination: plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction (elevation)

Arthrokinematics of the Subtalar Joint

Posterior facet of calcaneus: convex rule (OKC)
Anterior facet of calcaneus: concave rule (OKC)

Midtarsal/Chopart's Joint

Talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints
Osteokinematics: combined with subtalar joint, also contributes to:
- Pronation
- Supination
- Simplified arthrokinematics

Arch Structures

Internal arch:
- Formed by calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, and 1st metatarsal
- Support ligaments:
  - Plantar calcaneonavicular ligaments
  - Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
- Support muscles:
  - Tibialis posterior
  - Peroneus longus
  - Flexor hallucis longus
  - Abductor hallucis
External arch:
- Formed by calcaneus, cuboid, and 5th metatarsal
- Support ligament:
  - Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
- Support muscles:
  - Peroneus longus
  - Peroneus brevis
  - Abductor digiti minimi
Anterior arch:
- Formed by metatarsal heads
- Support ligaments:
  - Intermetatarsal ligament
- Support muscles:
  - Adductor hallucis

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Description

This quiz covers the functions and anatomy of the ankle and foot, including the tibiofibular joints, mortise, and tibiofibular ligaments. Learn about the importance of flexibility and rigidity in weight bearing and movement.