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Questions and Answers
The _____ connects the nose to the larynx.
trachea
The _____ are located symmetrically on both sides of the face.
paranasal cavities
If symptoms last more than _____ weeks, major symptoms may be observed.
12
Bacterial infections typically follow a primary _____ infection.
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A _____ throat may be inflamed and red, indicating inflammation.
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_____ is the term used when mouth breathing occurs due to difficulty inhaling through the nose.
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Pinpoint _____ may indicate a viral infection.
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The narrowing of the nasal passages can lead to significant _____ issues.
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The ______ can be long term compensators for acid-base disturbances.
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In cases of chronic respiratory distress, posture may shift from ______ to side to side.
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A normal respiratory rate is crucial in identifying acid-base disturbances, as seen in ______.
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Pulmonary embolism (PE) can be diagnosed using ______ imaging.
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Exacerbation history is a key predictor of future ______.
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The presence of ______ sputum is characteristic of certain lung infections.
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Pursed-lip breathing can be a useful technique for patients experiencing ______.
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Crackles and ______ are common findings in respiratory examinations.
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Study Notes
Anatomy
- The sinuses are four cavities symmetrically on both sides of the nose
- The maxillary sinuses, the largest, are located by the cheek bones
- The frontal sinus is above the eyebrows, below the forehead
- The ethmoid sinuses are located between the eyes
- The sphenoid sinuses are behind the eyes
Common Causes of Nose and Throat Symptoms
- A cold, with symptoms such as runny nose, decreased smell, and bad breath, is very common
- Nasal inflammation leading to blockage can cause difficulty breathing through the nose
- Lying down can worsen nasal congestion
- Mouth breathing can be a symptom of nasal congestion
Diagnosing Nasal Inflammation
- Shine a light on the frontal sinus to check for mucus blockage
- Mucus blocking the light suggests nasal inflammation
- Consider bacterial infection as a possible cause after a primary viral infection
- Bacterial infections are usually accompanied by purulent, viscous, and non-clear mucus
- Non-purulent, watery, and clear mucus is more characteristic of viral infections
- Nasal inflammation can be caused by a rebound effect from using topical decongestants for 3-5 days
Sore Throat
- Inflammation of the sore throat can have one or two causes
- This includes inflammation from something other than the throat
Tonsillitis: Symptoms and Possible Causes
- Tonsillitis affects a large number of people
- Symptoms include a raspy voice, red and inflamed mucosa, enlargement of the tonsils, purulence, and white plaques on the tonsils
- Tonsillitis can be caused by viral infection, bacterial infection, or a combination of both
- Viral tonsillitis is usually associated with pinpoint bruises, no purulence, and white plaques
- Bacterial tonsillitis is characterized by purulence and white plaques
Examining Tonsillitis
- Palpate lymph nodes for signs of inflammation
Antibiotic Therapy
- Antibodies target host tissue in the heart, kidneys, and other organs
- Consider antibiotic therapy if there are 2-3 symptoms accompanying the tonsillitis
Respiratory Problems
- Impaired airflow due to an obstructive lung process, such as COPD or asthma, can be a serious problem.
- The lungs are the first to compensate for acid-base disturbances, but the kidneys are responsible for long-term regulation
- Know normal blood oxygen levels. If levels are below 89, supplemental oxygen or devices are needed.
Symptoms Suggesting Underlying Conditions
- Bronchospasm
- Turning blue (poor oxygen saturation)
- Difficulty exhaling with a closed mouth
- Increased respiratory rate
- Changes in posture might indicate chronic respiratory distress
Diagnosing Respiratory Problems
- Use a stethoscope to listen to the lungs
- Consider the possibility of a pulmonary embolism (PE) and order an x-ray to diagnose it
- X-ray findings for lobeconsolidation include crackles, inspiratory wheezing, and dullness on percussion
- X-ray findings for right atelectasis include hyperinflation of the lungs
Managing COPD
- COPD is a progressive disease.
- Sensitive patients may experience exacerbations triggered by specific stimuli.
Understanding COPD Exacerbations
- Exacerbations are frequent occurrences, often lasting up to 12 months.
- History of exacerbations can predict future episodes.
- GOLD guidelines recommend considering antimicrobial therapy for 2-3 episodes of exacerbations.
Pneumonia
- Infection of lung tissue
- Often accompanied by low oxygen levels
- White blood cells are increased in the blood
- It is important to recognize the characteristic symptoms of pneumonia
COPD: Types and Symptoms
- Know the different types of COPD based on severity
- Recognize the symptoms associated with each type.
- Identify the cause of COPD if any, given the symptoms
COPD Management
- Identify and avoid triggers
- Use inhaled medications as prescribed to improve lung function
- Stay informed about COPD and its management
Asthma
- Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways
- Asthma symptoms include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness
- Knowing asthma triggers and avoiding them is crucial for management.
- A combination of medicines, such as bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, may be used to manage asthma symptoms
- Asthma can be managed effectively with proper treatment, monitoring, and lifestyle changes.
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Description
This quiz explores the anatomy of the sinuses, their locations, and common nose and throat symptoms. It will also cover the diagnosis and causes of nasal inflammation. Test your knowledge on how these structures relate to respiratory health.
