Podcast
Questions and Answers
The _____ connects the nose to the larynx.
The _____ connects the nose to the larynx.
trachea
The _____ are located symmetrically on both sides of the face.
The _____ are located symmetrically on both sides of the face.
paranasal cavities
If symptoms last more than _____ weeks, major symptoms may be observed.
If symptoms last more than _____ weeks, major symptoms may be observed.
12
Bacterial infections typically follow a primary _____ infection.
Bacterial infections typically follow a primary _____ infection.
A _____ throat may be inflamed and red, indicating inflammation.
A _____ throat may be inflamed and red, indicating inflammation.
_____ is the term used when mouth breathing occurs due to difficulty inhaling through the nose.
_____ is the term used when mouth breathing occurs due to difficulty inhaling through the nose.
Pinpoint _____ may indicate a viral infection.
Pinpoint _____ may indicate a viral infection.
The narrowing of the nasal passages can lead to significant _____ issues.
The narrowing of the nasal passages can lead to significant _____ issues.
The ______ can be long term compensators for acid-base disturbances.
The ______ can be long term compensators for acid-base disturbances.
In cases of chronic respiratory distress, posture may shift from ______ to side to side.
In cases of chronic respiratory distress, posture may shift from ______ to side to side.
A normal respiratory rate is crucial in identifying acid-base disturbances, as seen in ______.
A normal respiratory rate is crucial in identifying acid-base disturbances, as seen in ______.
Pulmonary embolism (PE) can be diagnosed using ______ imaging.
Pulmonary embolism (PE) can be diagnosed using ______ imaging.
Exacerbation history is a key predictor of future ______.
Exacerbation history is a key predictor of future ______.
The presence of ______ sputum is characteristic of certain lung infections.
The presence of ______ sputum is characteristic of certain lung infections.
Pursed-lip breathing can be a useful technique for patients experiencing ______.
Pursed-lip breathing can be a useful technique for patients experiencing ______.
Crackles and ______ are common findings in respiratory examinations.
Crackles and ______ are common findings in respiratory examinations.
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Study Notes
Anatomy
- The sinuses are four cavities symmetrically on both sides of the nose
- The maxillary sinuses, the largest, are located by the cheek bones
- The frontal sinus is above the eyebrows, below the forehead
- The ethmoid sinuses are located between the eyes
- The sphenoid sinuses are behind the eyes
Common Causes of Nose and Throat Symptoms
- A cold, with symptoms such as runny nose, decreased smell, and bad breath, is very common
- Nasal inflammation leading to blockage can cause difficulty breathing through the nose
- Lying down can worsen nasal congestion
- Mouth breathing can be a symptom of nasal congestion
Diagnosing Nasal Inflammation
- Shine a light on the frontal sinus to check for mucus blockage
- Mucus blocking the light suggests nasal inflammation
- Consider bacterial infection as a possible cause after a primary viral infection
- Bacterial infections are usually accompanied by purulent, viscous, and non-clear mucus
- Non-purulent, watery, and clear mucus is more characteristic of viral infections
- Nasal inflammation can be caused by a rebound effect from using topical decongestants for 3-5 days
Sore Throat
- Inflammation of the sore throat can have one or two causes
- This includes inflammation from something other than the throat
Tonsillitis: Symptoms and Possible Causes
- Tonsillitis affects a large number of people
- Symptoms include a raspy voice, red and inflamed mucosa, enlargement of the tonsils, purulence, and white plaques on the tonsils
- Tonsillitis can be caused by viral infection, bacterial infection, or a combination of both
- Viral tonsillitis is usually associated with pinpoint bruises, no purulence, and white plaques
- Bacterial tonsillitis is characterized by purulence and white plaques
Examining Tonsillitis
- Palpate lymph nodes for signs of inflammation
Antibiotic Therapy
- Antibodies target host tissue in the heart, kidneys, and other organs
- Consider antibiotic therapy if there are 2-3 symptoms accompanying the tonsillitis
Respiratory Problems
- Impaired airflow due to an obstructive lung process, such as COPD or asthma, can be a serious problem.
- The lungs are the first to compensate for acid-base disturbances, but the kidneys are responsible for long-term regulation
- Know normal blood oxygen levels. If levels are below 89, supplemental oxygen or devices are needed.
Symptoms Suggesting Underlying Conditions
- Bronchospasm
- Turning blue (poor oxygen saturation)
- Difficulty exhaling with a closed mouth
- Increased respiratory rate
- Changes in posture might indicate chronic respiratory distress
Diagnosing Respiratory Problems
- Use a stethoscope to listen to the lungs
- Consider the possibility of a pulmonary embolism (PE) and order an x-ray to diagnose it
- X-ray findings for lobeconsolidation include crackles, inspiratory wheezing, and dullness on percussion
- X-ray findings for right atelectasis include hyperinflation of the lungs
Managing COPD
- COPD is a progressive disease.
- Sensitive patients may experience exacerbations triggered by specific stimuli.
Understanding COPD Exacerbations
- Exacerbations are frequent occurrences, often lasting up to 12 months.
- History of exacerbations can predict future episodes.
- GOLD guidelines recommend considering antimicrobial therapy for 2-3 episodes of exacerbations.
Pneumonia
- Infection of lung tissue
- Often accompanied by low oxygen levels
- White blood cells are increased in the blood
- It is important to recognize the characteristic symptoms of pneumonia
COPD: Types and Symptoms
- Know the different types of COPD based on severity
- Recognize the symptoms associated with each type.
- Identify the cause of COPD if any, given the symptoms
COPD Management
- Identify and avoid triggers
- Use inhaled medications as prescribed to improve lung function
- Stay informed about COPD and its management
Asthma
- Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways
- Asthma symptoms include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness
- Knowing asthma triggers and avoiding them is crucial for management.
- A combination of medicines, such as bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, may be used to manage asthma symptoms
- Asthma can be managed effectively with proper treatment, monitoring, and lifestyle changes.
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