Anatomy of Mouth and Throat

What is the primary function of the soft palate during swallowing?

To mix food with saliva
To close off the nasopharynx (correct)
To form the bolus
To open the nasopharynx

What is the main function of the uvula?

To mix food with saliva
To close off the nasopharynx
To project downward from the soft palate (correct)
To initiate swallowing

What is the main function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

To alter the position of the tongue
To move the tongue from side to side
To change the shape of the tongue (correct)
To protrude the tongue

What is the function of the lingual frenulum?

To secure the tongue to the floor of the mouth (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the filiform papillae on the tongue?

To aid in licking of semisolid foods (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the salivary glands?

To produce and secrete saliva (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nodular lingual tonsil?

To give the root of the tongue its bumpy appearance (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

To alter the position of the tongue (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasopharynx?

Not part of the digestive system (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the alternating contractions of the muscle layers in the pharynx?

Peristalsis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where is the esophagus located in relation to the trachea and vertebral column?

Posterior to the trachea and anterior to the vertebral column (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the mucosa in the esophagus?

To keep the lining moist and well lubricated to ease the passage of food (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of converting food into chyme in the stomach?

Chemical breakdown (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sphincters in the esophagus?

To pinch together at both the upper and lower ends (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of bile salts in fat digestion and absorption?

Emulsifying large fat particles into smaller ones (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where do the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein enter the liver?

At the porta hepatis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the bicarbonate solution secreted by bile duct cells when stimulated by secretin?

To neutralize acidic chyme in the duodenum (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mucus secreted by the small intestine?

To protect the intestinal mucosa from auto-digestion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the glands or crypts that secrete water and electrolytes in the small intestine?

Crypts of Lieberkuhn (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the secretion of a bicarbonate solution by bile duct cells?

Secretin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mucin in saliva?

To form a thick lubricating mucus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of water in saliva?

97-99.5% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of salivary amylase?

Regulating electrolyte balance (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary nervous system pathway involved in the regulation of salivation?

Parasympathetic nervous system (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of inhibition of saliva secretion?

Difficulty in talking and swallowing (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of halitosis?

Anaerobic bacterial growth and its metabolic activity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysozyme in saliva?

Exhibiting bactericidal activity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dehydration on salivation?

Inhibition of salivation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of transport for monosaccharides exiting the basolateral side of epithelial cells?

Facilitated diffusion (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal pH for the major pancreatic proteases?

pH ~ 7 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carboxypeptidase in protein digestion?

Splitting single amino acids from the carboxyl end of proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

How are most amino acids absorbed into the luminal side of epithelial cells?

Via secondary active transport with sodium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form in which protein is absorbed from the small intestine?

Dipeptides and tripeptides (D) Signup and view all the answers