Anatomy of Lower Limb Extremity
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Questions and Answers

What is the proximal region of the foot?

  • Calcaneus
  • Phalanges
  • Metatarsus
  • Tarsus (correct)

    • How many tarsal bones are in the foot?

  • 6
  • 8
  • 5
  • 7 (correct)

    • Which bone is the largest and strongest tarsal bone?

  • Calcaneus (correct)
  • Talus
  • Navicular
  • Cuboid

    • What is the only bone of the foot that articulates with the fibula and tibia?

    <p>Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During walking, what percentage of the body weight is transmitted to the calcaneus?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many metatarsal bones are in the foot?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the first metatarsal bone?

    <p>To bear more weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints are formed between the metatarsals and the proximal row of phalanges?

    <p>Metatarsophalangeal joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the foot?

    <p>To support body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many arches are present in the foot at birth?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'keystone' of the medial longitudinal arch?

    <p>Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What acts as 'staples' in the mechanics of arch support?

    <p>Strong planter ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the ankle joint?

    <p>Synovial hinge joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an articulation of the ankle joint?

    <p>Lower end of tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What acts as a 'sling' for the arches?

    <p>Tibialis muscles and peroneus muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is strong and present in the ankle joint?

    <p>Deltoid ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides stability to the ankle joint?

    <p>Strong lateral ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the inferior tibio-fibular joint?

    <p>Fibrous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement of the ankle joint is characterized by toes pointing upward?

    <p>Dorsi-fexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are high-heels more prone to ankle sprains?

    <p>Because they cause planter-flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What artery pulse is palpable behind the knee?

    <p>Popliteal artery pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for varicose veins?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the great saphenous vein used in heart surgery?

    <p>Because it's often used as a graft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the safe area for intramuscular injection to avoid sciatic nerve injury?

    <p>Medial thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of sciatica nerve damage?

    <p>Slipped intervertebral disc at lumbar area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Common peroneal nerve injury?

    <p>Foot drop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by lateral rotation of the great toe?

    <p>Hallux valgus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the slipped intervertebral disc that causes sciatica?

    <p>Lumbar area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of torn meniscus of knee joint?

    <p>Locking of the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of torn meniscus of knee joint?

    <p>Rotation of femur or tibia in a flexed, weight-bearing knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the flexor digitorum brevis muscle?

    <p>Medial plantar nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the medial plantar nerve?

    <p>Dorsal interossei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the extensor digitorum brevis muscle?

    <p>Deep fibular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is innervated by both the medial and lateral plantar nerves?

    <p>Lumbricals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of muscles contains the flexor hallucis brevis muscle?

    <p>Third layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many muscles are part of the plantar interossei group?

    <p>3 muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Foot

    • The foot consists of three regions: the tarsus (proximal region), metatarsus (intermediate region), and phalanges (distal region).
    • The tarsus consists of seven tarsal bones, including the calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiform bones, and the cuboid.
    • The calcaneus is the largest and strongest tarsal bone.
    • The talus is the only bone of the foot that articulates with the fibula and tibia.
    • The talus transmits about half the weight of the body to the calcaneus during walking.

    Functions of the Foot

    • The foot serves two main functions: to support body weight and to act as a lever to propel the body forward during walking or running.

    Arches of the Foot

    • The foot has three arches: the medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch, and transverse arch.
    • The medial longitudinal arch consists of the calcaneum, talus, navicular, three cuneiform bones, and the first three metatarsal bones.
    • The lateral longitudinal arch consists of the calcaneum, cuboid, and the 4th and 5th metatarsal bones.
    • The transverse arch consists of the bases of the metatarsal bones, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones.

    Mechanics of Arch Support

    • The arches of the foot are supported by the shape of the bones, the presence of wedge-shaped "keystones", strong plantar ligaments, and the tie beams formed by the plantar aponeurosis and long flexor muscles' tendons.
    • The talus is the "keystone" of the medial longitudinal arch, while the cuboid is the "keystone" of the lateral longitudinal arch.
    • The cuneiform bones are the "keystones" of the transverse arch.

    Ankle Joint

    • The ankle joint is a synovial hinge joint that articulates the lower end of the tibia (medial malleolus), the lower end of the fibula (lateral malleolus), and the talus.
    • The ankle joint is stabilized by the shape of the close-fitting bones, strong ligaments, and surrounding tendons of muscles.

    Movements of the Ankle Joint

    • The ankle joint allows for two movements: dorsiflexion (toes pointing upward) and plantarflexion (toes pointing downward).
    • The ankle joint is less stable when plantarflexed, making it more susceptible to sprains.

    Blood Supply of the Lower Limb

    • The lower limb receives blood supply from the femoral artery, popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery, and dorsalis pedis artery.
    • The pulses of these arteries can be felt at specific locations.
    • Absence of pulses indicates arterial occlusion.

    Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb

    • The lower limb has a saphenous system of veins, which includes the long (great) saphenous vein and the short saphenous vein.
    • Varicose veins are veins with larger diameters and are elongated than normal veins.
    • Great saphenous vein grafts may be used in heart surgery (coronary bypass surgery).

    Nerve Injuries of the Lower Limb

    • Sciatic nerve injuries can occur due to badly placed intramuscular injections in the gluteal region.
    • Sciatica is caused by pressure on one of the sciatic nerve roots (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3) as a result of a slipped intervertebral disc at the lumbar area.
    • Common peroneal nerve injury can occur when the neck of the fibula is fractured, leading to foot drop.

    Muscles of the Foot

    • The foot has 12 muscles, which can be divided into four layers: the first layer (abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi), the second layer (quadratus plantae and lumbricals), the third layer (flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, and flexor digiti minimi brevis), and the fourth layer (plantar interossei, dorsal interossei, extensor digitorum brevis, and extensor hallucis brevis).

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy of the lower limb extremity, focusing on the foot, tarsal bones, and phalanges. It's a lecture for biomedical engineering students at Al-Nahrain University.

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