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What is the definition of a joint?
Fibrous joints have no movement.
True
What is the function of the pad of cartilage in cartilaginous joints?
It absorbs shocks and allows for very slight movement.
The ends of the bones in synovial joints are covered with ______________________ cartilage.
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What is the characteristic of synovial joints that makes them the most mobile in the body?
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Cartilage has a blood supply.
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Match the following joints with their characteristics:
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What is the function of the capsule in synovial joints?
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What is the primary function of synovial fluid?
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The synovial membrane is a type of connective tissue.
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What is the purpose of bursae in joints?
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The type of joint that allows for a wide range of movement, including flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, and circumduction, is called a ______________ joint.
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Which of the following joints allows for flexion and extension only?
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Ligaments provide stability to the joint by crossing the joint.
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Match the following types of synovial joints with their characteristics:
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What is the function of phagocytes in the synovial fluid?
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What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
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The wrist joint is a hinge joint.
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What is the name of the structure that deepens the glenoid cavity and provides additional stability to the shoulder joint?
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The knee joint is formed by the condyles of the femur, the condyles of the ______, and the posterior surface of the patella.
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What type of joint is the elbow joint?
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Match the following joints with their corresponding types:
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The movements of the fingers are produced by muscles in the hand.
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What is the name of the bone that forms the hip joint with the femur?
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What is the function of the medial and lateral ligaments in the knee joint?
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Inversion and eversion movements occur at the ankle joint.
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What is the main muscle responsible for flexion (dorsiflexion) of the ankle joint?
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The distal end of the tibia and its _______________ form the ankle joint.
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Match the following muscles with their respective actions in the ankle joint:
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What is the main function of the muscles in the foot?
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Study Notes
Joints
- A joint is the site where two or more bones articulate or come together.
Types of Joints
- Fibrous or fixed joints: immovable joints with fibrous tissue between the bones, e.g., joints between the bones of the skull (sutures) and those between the teeth and the maxilla and mandible.
- Cartilaginous or slightly movable joints: joints with a pad of fibrocartilage between the ends of the bones, allowing for very slight movement, e.g., symphysis pubis and joints between the vertebral bodies.
- Synovial or freely movable joints: joints characterized by a space or capsule between the bones, allowing for a wide range of movement.
Synovial Joints
- Characterized by the presence of a space or capsule between the bones.
- Ends of the bones are held together by a sheath of fibrous tissue.
- Capsule is lubricated by a small amount of fluid.
- Synovial joints are the most mobile in the body.
Components of Synovial Joints
- Hyaline articular cartilage: covers the parts of the bones that are in contact, providing a smooth joint surface, reducing friction, and absorbing compressive forces.
- Capsule: a sheath of fibrous tissue that encloses the joint, holding the bones together.
- Synovial membrane: an epithelial layer that borders the capsule, covering all intracapsular structures, and secreting synovial fluid.
- Synovial fluid: a thick and sticky liquid that fills the synovial cavity, nourishing the structures located in the joint cavity, containing phagocytes to remove microbes and cellular debris, acting as a lubricant, and maintaining joint stability.
Types of Synovial Joints
- Ball and socket joints: allow for a wide range of movement (flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, and circumduction), e.g., shoulder and hip joints.
- Hinge joints: allow for flexion and extension only, e.g., elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes.
- Gliding joints: articular surfaces glide over each other, e.g., sternoclavicular joints, acromioclavicular joints, and joints between the carpal and tarsal bones.
- Pivot joints: movement occurs around one axis (rotation), e.g., proximal and distal radioulnar joints and the joint between the atlas and the odontoid process of the axis.
- Condyloid and saddle joints: movements take place around two axes, permitting flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction, e.g., wrist, temporomandibular, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints.
Main Synovial Joints of the Limbs
- Shoulder joint: a ball and socket joint between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus.
- Elbow joint: a hinge joint between the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius.
- Wrist joint: a condyloid joint between the distal end of the radius and the proximal ends of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral.
- Hip joint: a ball and socket joint between the cup-shaped acetabulum of the innominate bone and the almost spherical head of the femur.
- Knee joint: a hinge joint between the condyles of the femur, the condyles of the tibia, and the posterior surface of the patella.
- Ankle joint: a hinge joint between the distal end of the tibia, the distal end of the fibula, and the talus.
- Joints of the hands and fingers: synovial joints between the carpal bones, between the carpal and metacarpal bones, between the metacarpal bones and proximal phalanges, and between the phalanges.
- Joints of the foot and toes: synovial joints between the tarsal bones, between the tarsal and metatarsal bones, between the metatarsals and proximal phalanges, and between the phalanges.
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Description
Learn about the different types of joints in the human body, including fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Understand the characteristics and examples of each type.
