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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a type of diarthrosis joint?
Which of the following is a type of diarthrosis joint?
Amphiarthrosis joints have limited mobility.
Amphiarthrosis joints have limited mobility.
True
What are the primary functions of muscles?
What are the primary functions of muscles?
Movement of body, maintenance of posture, respiration, production of body heat, communication, constriction of organs and vessels, contraction of heart.
What is the role of an agonist muscle?
What is the role of an agonist muscle?
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A joint provides _____ between articulating bones.
A joint provides _____ between articulating bones.
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Name the three classifications of functional joints.
Name the three classifications of functional joints.
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Which type of muscle is known for its ability to contract and return to its original length?
Which type of muscle is known for its ability to contract and return to its original length?
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Match the joint types with their characteristics:
Match the joint types with their characteristics:
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The _____ is the stationary end of a muscle attachment.
The _____ is the stationary end of a muscle attachment.
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Excitability refers to a muscle's ability to shorten forcefully.
Excitability refers to a muscle's ability to shorten forcefully.
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Study Notes
Joints
- Joints are locations where bones meet.
- Stability and movement are key features of joints.
Structural Classification of Joints
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Fibrous joints lack a joint cavity and are held together by dense connective tissue.
- Sutures are found in the skull and are immovable.
- Syndesmoses are joined by a ligament and allow slight movement.
- Gomphoses are peg-in-socket joints, like teeth in sockets.
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Cartilaginous joints lack a joint cavity and are held together by cartilage.
- Synchondroses are joined by hyaline cartilage, allowing for limited movement.
- Symphyses are joined by fibrocartilage, also allowing for limited movement.
- Synovial joints have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, allowing for free movement.
Functional Classification of Joints
- Synarthrosis refers to an immobile or nearly immobile joint.
- Amphiarthrosis refers to a joint with limited mobility.
- Diarthrosis refers to a freely mobile joint, all synovial joints in the body.
Types of Synovial Joints
- Uniaxial: Motion in a single plane.
- Biaxial: Motion within two planes.
- Multiaxial: Motion along three axes.
Types of Body Movements
- Flexion/Extension: Bending and straightening of a joint.
- Abduction/Adduction: Movement away from or towards the midline.
- Circumduction: Circular movement of a limb.
- Rotation: Turning of a bone around its long axis.
- Supination/Pronation: Rotation of the forearm, palm up or down.
- Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion: Movement of the foot, up or down.
- Inversion/Eversion: Movement of the foot, sole pointing inwards or outwards.
- Protraction/Retraction: Movement of a body part forward or backward.
- Depression/Elevation: Movement of a body part downwards or upwards.
- Excursion: Movement of a body part in a variety of directions.
- Opposition/Reposition: Movement of the thumb to touch other fingers.
Muscular System
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Functions of muscle:
- Body movement.
- Posture maintenance.
- Respiration.
- Heat production.
- Communication.
- Constriction of organs and vessels.
- Heart contraction.
Functional Properties of Muscle Tissue
- Contractility: Ability to shorten forcefully.
- Excitability: Ability to respond to a stimulus.
- Extensibility: Ability to be stretched beyond its resting length.
- Elasticity: Ability to recoil to its original resting length.
Smooth Muscles
- Found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels.
- Involuntary control.
Cardiac Muscles
- Found only in the heart.
- Involuntary control.
- Features striations and intercalated discs.
Muscular Dystrophy
- A group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration.
- Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is the most common type.
Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System
- Muscles make up a large part of the body's mass and are responsible for movement.
Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
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Muscle Attachments:
- Origin: Fixed end of the muscle, generally more proximal.
- Insertion: Mobile end of the muscle, generally more distal.
- Belly: The part of the muscle between the origin and insertion.
- Aponeuroses: Broad and sheet-like tendons.
Muscle Action
- Agonist: Muscle that accomplishes a specific movement.
- Antagonist: Muscle opposing the agonist.
- Synergists: Group of muscles working together to produce movement.
- Prime mover: Muscle with the major role in a movement.
- Fixators: Muscles that hold one bone in place while another is moved.
Muscle Shapes
- Circular: Fascicles arranged in a circle around an opening, acting as sphincters.
- Convergent: Fascicles converge on one common tendon from a wide area.
- Parallel: Fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle and attach to a flat tendon.
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Pennate: Fascicles attach to a tendon that runs the length of the muscle, resembling feathers.
- Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate are variations.
- Fusiform: Fibers run the length of the muscle and taper at each end.
Muscle Nomenclature
- Location: Refers to the area of the body where the muscle is located (e.g., pectoralis, gluteus).
- Size: Indicates relative size (e.g., maximus, minimus).
- Shape: Refers to the muscle's general form (e.g., deltoid, quadratus, teres).
- Orientation of Fasciculi: Describes the direction fibers run (e.g., rectus, oblique).
- Origin and Insertion: Indicates the attachment points of the muscle (e.g., sternocleidomastoid, brachioradialis).
- Number of Heads: Indicates the number of origins (e.g., biceps, triceps).
- Function: Refers to the action the muscle performs (e.g., abductor, adductor, masseter).
Movements Accomplished by Muscles
- Lever: A rigid shaft (bone) that rotates around a fulcrum (joint), transferring force to a weight/resistance.
- Atlantooccipital Joint: Allows for flexion, extension, and lateral bending of the head.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the types and classifications of joints in the human body. This quiz covers structural and functional classifications, including fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Understand their features and importance in movement and stability.
