35 Questions
Where do posterior intercostal arteries originate from?
Aorta
Which vessels supply the upper six intercostal spaces with anterior intercostal arteries?
Internal thoracic artery
Where do anterior intercostal arteries that supply lower spaces arise from?
Musculophrenic artery
How do the venous drainage from the thoracic wall generally parallel arterial supply?
Azygos system
Which structures are included in the thoracic wall structures?
All of the above
What is the origin of the anterior intercostal arteries for intercostal spaces 7-9?
Musculophrenic artery
Where do posterior intercostal arteries to the right side of the thoracic wall originate from?
Aorta
Where do lymphatic vessels of the thoracic wall drain mainly into?
Parasternal nodes
Where do anterior intercostal arteries that supply upper six intercostal spaces branch from?
Internal thoracic artery
What is the main function of the intercostal nerves?
Motor innervation to the muscles of the thoracic wall
Where are the innermost intercostal muscles mainly located?
Lower intercostal spaces
Which artery contributes to the blood supply of the anterolateral diaphragm?
Musculophrenic artery
Which muscle is responsible for depressing costal cartilages?
Transversus thoracis
Which virus causes Herpes Zoster, commonly known as shingles?
Varicella Zoster virus
Which vessel supplies blood to the anterior portion of the intercostal spaces and pectoral muscles?
Anterior intercostal artery
Where are the internal intercostal muscles situated in relation to the vascular bundle (VAN)?
Inferiorly
Which artery forms branches such as the pericardiophrenic artery and anterior intercostal arteries?
Internal thoracic artery
Which vein is located superiorly in relation to the vascular bundle (VAN)?
Superior epigastric vein
What do the posterior and anterior intercostal arteries mainly supply?
Muscles and skin of the thoracic wall
What is the primary function of the thoracic cage?
Protecting the heart and lungs
Which structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
What muscle is responsible for moving the ribs superiorly during inspiration?
External intercostal muscles
Where are the intercostal nerves, arteries, and veins located?
In the costal groove along the inferior margin of the superior rib
What is the role of the internal intercostal muscles during respiration?
Moving the ribs inferiorly
What differentiates the thoracic cavity between males and females?
Shape of the sternum
Which muscles cover the anterior thoracic wall and help move the ribs?
Pectoralis major
What closes the inferior thoracic opening (thoracic outlet)?
Costal cartilages of ribs 7th-10th and the xiphisternal joint
Which bones are connected to each rib by synovial plane joints and interchondral joints?
Both the vertebrae above and below it
Which structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
What structures does the thoracic cavity contain?
Heart, lungs, and spleen
Which nerves are found within the thoracic cavity?
Vagus and phrenic nerves
What separates the thoracic outlet from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
What is the function of the thoracic wall?
Offers protection to abdominal viscera
What lies under the right dome of the diaphragm?
Greater part of the liver
What is the measure of the narrow thoracic inlet typically?
$5.5-6$ cm anterior-posteriorly and $10$ cm transversely
Study Notes
- The thoracic cage, also known as the bony thorax, is composed of the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, and the thoracic vertebrae.
- The thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs and forms the framework of the chest.
- The size and shape of the thoracic cavity differ between males and females, with females having smaller thoracic capacities due to a shorter sternum and more oblique thoracic inlets.
- The thoracic cage is dynamic and changes size during respiration through the movements of the ribs and diaphragm.
- The ribs, located laterally in the thoracic cage, are anchored to the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and are curved to form the shape of the rib cage.
- Each rib consists of a long, flat, broad bone connected to the vertebrae above and below it by synovial plane joints and interchondral joints.
- The superior thoracic opening (thoracic inlet) communicates with the neck and upper extremities and is bounded by the first thoracic vertebra, the first pair of ribs, and the jugular notch of the sternum.
- The inferior thoracic opening (thoracic outlet) is closed by the diaphragm and is bounded by the 12th thoracic vertebra, the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs, and the costal cartilages of ribs 7th-10th and the xiphisternal joint.
- The anterior thoracic wall is covered by muscles, including the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and serratus anterior, which help move the ribs and support the limbs.
- The intercostal spaces, located between ribs, are filled by intercostal muscles and contain intercostal nerves, arteries, and veins.
- The muscles associated with the thoracic wall include the external, middle, and innermost intercostal muscles, subcostal muscles, and transversus thoracic muscles, which support the ribs and help with respiration.
- The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and plays a crucial role in respiration by contracting and expanding the thoracic cavity.
- The intercostal nerves and vessels are located in the costal groove along the inferior margin of the superior rib and are at risk when objects perforate the upper aspect of an intercostal space.
- The thoracic cage also contains a layer of loose connective tissue called the endothoracic fascia, which separates the ribs and underlying pleura.
- The muscles of the thoracic wall include the external, middle, and innermost intercostal muscles, which are responsible for supporting the ribs and helping with respiration.
- The external intercostal muscles are attached to the inferior margin of the rib above and the superior surface of the rib below, and they are most active during inspiration, helping to move the ribs superiorly.
- The internal intercostal muscles are attached to the lateral edge of the costal groove of the rib above and the superior surface of the rib below, and they are most active during expiration, helping to move the ribs inferiorly.
- The external and internal intercostal muscles work together to support the intercostal spaces and help with respiration.
- The anatomical structures associated with the thoracic cage are interconnected and function together to facilitate respiration and protect the vital organs within the thoracic cavity.
By Ahmed Safaa Telegram channel : https://t.me/mcqb2
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