Anatomy of Human Joints Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the close-packed position of the patellofemoral joint?

  • Full flexion (correct)
  • Full extension
  • Neutral position
  • Half flexed position

Which statement best describes the anatomical classification of the talocrural joint?

  • Diarthrosis, hinge (correct)
  • Cartilaginous, symphysis
  • Fibrous, syndesmosis
  • Diarthrosis, ball and socket

What is the primary capsular pattern for the talocrural joint?

  • DF > PF
  • PF > DF (correct)
  • Flexion > Extension
  • Eversion > Inversion

How much inversion is typically available at the subtalar joint accessory motion?

<p>20-30º (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limit does the patellofemoral joint exhibit regarding its degrees of freedom (DOF)?

<p>0 DOF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct physiological range of motion for medial rotation at the coxofemoral joint?

<p>30-40° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the close-packed position of the coxofemoral joint?

<p>Full extension, full medial rotation, and slight abduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification type of the tibiofemoral (knee) joint?

<p>Hinge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of capsular patterns, what is the limitation order for the coxofemoral joint?

<p>Flexion &gt; abduction &gt; medial rotation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional range of motion for flexion in the knee joint?

<p>135° (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What end-feel is most commonly associated with extension at the tibiofemoral joint?

<p>Firm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the anatomical positioning for the loose-packed position of the coxofemoral joint?

<p>30° of flexion, 30° of abduction, slight lateral rotation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum degree of hyperextension allowed at the tibiofemoral joint?

<p>15° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total weight supported by one hip during unilateral stance when considering both the weight of the HAT and the unsupported leg?

<p>5/6 BW (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What moment does the weight of the HAT create around the right hip during unilateral stance?

<p>Right adduction moment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which force must the hip abductor muscles generate to balance the moment created by the weight of the HAT and the unsupported leg?

<p>Any moment that is opposite to the HAT-LL moment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a person with a painful hip lean their trunk over the painful hip during single-leg stance?

<p>To reduce load on the painful hip (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the calculation of the moment generated by the hip abductor muscles, which of the following represents the relationship that must be maintained?

<p>Moments of HAT and hip abductor force must be equal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the moment arm (MA) in the context of the calculations presented?

<p>It influences the magnitude of the moment generated by a force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When transitioning to unilateral stance, what primary role does the compressive joint reaction force serve?

<p>Balances gravitational moments to stabilize the pelvis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of the right-hand rule of moments in this context?

<p>Helps identify moments acting on joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What position does the patella adopt in full extension of the knee?

<p>Situates laterally in the femoral sulcus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the tibia rotate during knee flexion from extension?

<p>Medial rotation occurs with initiation of knee flexion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what range of knee flexion does the patella remain fairly stable?

<p>30-90° (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the joint reaction force (JRF) at the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) during deep knee flexion?

<p>JRF can increase up to 10 times body weight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which facet of the patella experiences the largest magnitude of stress?

<p>Medial facet due to its smaller contact area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of patellar contact with the central ridge at 30-70° of flexion?

<p>Decreased quadriceps activity is required (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does greater knee flexion have on the contact area of the patella?

<p>It decreases the contact area leading to higher stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the quadriceps tendon play at greater than 90° knee flexion?

<p>Dissipates a portion of the compressive joint reaction force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a Trendelenburg gait?

<p>Weakness in the hip abductors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should a cane be used on the opposite side of a painful or weak hip?

<p>To shift the body's center of gravity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a change in the angle of inclination of the femoral neck affect balance of forces in unilateral stance?

<p>It decreases the moment arm of the hip abductors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about coxa vara during total hip replacement is correct?

<p>It is beneficial for restoring normal hip mechanics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased activation of the quadratus lumborum associated with weak hip abductors?

<p>Decreased pelvic stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the mechanical axis shift during dynamic activities like gait?

<p>It shifts medially and increases compressive forces on the medial knee (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the tensile force of the MCL play during a valgus motion of the knee?

<p>It creates a laterally directed component of the joint reaction force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does relaxed standing affect the distribution of weightbearing forces at the knee?

<p>It equalizes forces between the medial and lateral condyles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does patella alta have on the kinematics of the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) during flexion?

<p>Reduces the contact area of the patella on the femur in flexion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of having a Q-angle greater than 15°?

<p>Increased patellar tracking issues and potential anterior knee pain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description correctly characterizes the effects of patella baja on knee kinematics?

<p>Decreases the efficiency of the quadriceps muscle during knee flexion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the orientation of the talus axis in the ankle mortise that leads to triplanar motion?

<p>14° of inclination in the transverse plane and 23° in the frontal plane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly depicts the relationship of open kinetic chain (OKC) activities to foot and ankle dynamics?

<p>Dorsiflexion causes an accompanying lateral tilt of the talus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In closed kinetic chain (CKC) activities, what effect does plantarflexion have on tibial and fibular rotation?

<p>It facilitates lateral rotation of the tibia and fibula. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the components of the quadriceps is true?

<p>Both the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis exert a posteriorly directed vector of force. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The small range of talar rotation during motions of the ankle is primarily attributed to which characteristic?

<p>The malleoli of the tibia and fibula acting as limiting factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hip Joint Classification

A diarthrosis, spheroidal (ball-and-socket) joint.

Hip Flexion ROM

Physiological range of motion for hip flexion is 110-120 degrees.

Knee Joint Type

A diarthrosis, hinge joint with rotation coupled to flexion/extension.

Knee Flexion ROM

Physiological range of motion for knee flexion to 135 degrees, and hyperextension 15 degrees.

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Hip Close-packed Position

Full extension, full medial rotation, and slight abduction; maximal joint congruency.

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Knee Loose-packed Position

Mid-flexion approximately 25 degrees.

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Hip Capsular Pattern

Limitation in flexion > abduction > medial rotation.

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Knee Capsular Pattern

Flexion > extension

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Patellofemoral Joint Type

A diarthrosis joint, a planar type that allows gliding motions (superior-inferior and medial-lateral).

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Talocrural Joint DOF

One degree of freedom (Dorsiflexion-Plantarflexion), although combined rotation and tilt occurs due to knee morphology.

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Subtalar Joint Motion

A plane joint that enables abduction/adduction and eversion/inversion, but has no active physiological range of motion.

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Talocrural Joint Close-Packed Position

Maximum dorsiflexion

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Subtalar Joint Functional Range of Motion (Gait)

Approximately 4–6 degrees of inversion and 4–6 degrees of eversion.

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HAT Weight Distribution

In unilateral stance, the weight-bearing hip supports the weight of the HAT (2/3 of body weight) and the unsupported leg (1/6 body weight), totaling 5/6 of the total body weight.

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Adduction Moment

The combined weight of the HAT and unsupported leg (HAT-LL) creates an adduction moment around the weight-bearing hip joint, tending to drop the pelvis down on the opposite side.

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Abduction Counter Moment

To counteract the adduction moment, the hip abductor muscles on the weight-bearing side need to generate an abduction counter moment.

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Hip Abductor Moment Calculation

The moment generated by the hip abductor muscles (Fm) must equal the moment of the HAT-LL. This is calculated by multiplying the force by the moment arm (Fm x MA = HAT-LL moment).

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Total Compression Force

The total compression force exerted on the weight-bearing hip is calculated by dividing the total moment by the moment arm of the hip abductor muscle.

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Antalgic Gait

A gait pattern where a person leans their trunk over the painful hip during single leg stance to reduce the load on the hip joint.

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Effect of Antalgic Gait

By leaning over the painful hip, the moment arm of the HAT is reduced, decreasing the adduction moment and lessening the load on the hip joint.

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Clinical Relevance

Understanding the biomechanics of hip loading during gait helps clinicians explain pain, devise rehabilitation strategies, and provide appropriate interventions for patients with hip conditions.

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Patella Alta

A condition where the patella sits higher than normal on the femur, resulting in a longer patellar tendon. This alters the mechanics of the knee joint.

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Patella Baja

A condition where the patella sits lower than normal on the femur, resulting in a shorter patellar tendon.

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Q-angle

The angle formed between the line of pull of the quadriceps muscle and the patellar tendon. It indicates alignment between the femur and tibia.

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Talocrural Joint Axis

The axis of rotation in the ankle joint that creates triplanar motion (movement in three planes).

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DF with OKC

Dorsiflexion in an open kinetic chain (OKC) causes abduction and eversion of the foot.

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PF with OKC

Plantarflexion in an open kinetic chain (OKC) causes adduction and inversion of the foot.

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DF with CKC

Dorsiflexion in a closed kinetic chain (CKC) causes medial rotation of the tibia and fibula.

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PF with CKC

Plantarflexion in a closed kinetic chain (CKC) causes lateral rotation of the tibia and fibula.

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Patellofemoral Joint Contact

The contact between the femur and patella changes with the angle of knee flexion. In full extension, the patella sits laterally in the femoral sulcus. As flexion begins, the lateral femoral condyle pushes the patella medially, causing medial rotation of the tibia. The patella then rotates laterally from 20-90 degrees of flexion. At 30 degrees or more, the patella becomes stable as it is tightly constrained between the femoral condyles.

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Patellofemoral Joint Force

The compressive force at the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) increases with greater knee flexion. At 20 degrees of flexion, the force is about 25-50% of body weight. With deeper flexion and activities like running, the force can increase up to 10 times body weight.

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Patellofemoral Stress

The patella, especially the medial facet, experiences high stress due to its small contact area and large forces. This stress can be particularly high during deep knee flexion exercises, especially with added weight.

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Patellofemoral Joint Protection

The PFJ has several protective mechanisms that help reduce stress. Full extension minimizes compressive forces. From 30-70 degrees of flexion, the medial facet contact area has thick articular cartilage, providing cushioning. At 45-60 degrees of flexion, the quadriceps muscle's mechanical advantage is greatest, requiring less force to produce the same movement.

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Patellofemoral Contact Area

The contact area at the PFJ changes with knee flexion and affects the stress on the patella. While deep flexion increases force, it also increases contact area, dispersing the stress. However, at greater than 90 degrees of flexion, the contact area decreases, which increases the stress on the patella.

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Quadriceps Tendon Role

In deep knee flexion, the quadriceps tendon comes into contact with the femoral condyles, which helps to dissipate some of the compressive force at the PFJ. This provides additional protection for the patella during high-force activities.

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Patellofemoral Joint Mechanics

Understanding the mechanics of the PFJ is crucial for preventing injuries, especially during activities that involve high forces and deep knee flexion. Strategies like proper muscle activation, appropriate training programs, and avoiding excessive stress can promote healthy joint functioning.

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Patellar Function

The main function of the patella is to increase the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps muscle. This allows for more efficient knee extension, particularly during activities like walking, running, and jumping.

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Trendelenburg Gait

A gait pattern where the pelvis drops on the side opposite a weak or injured hip abductor muscle during the stance phase.

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Cane Use for Hip Pain

A cane should be used on the opposite side of a painful or weak hip to reduce the load on the affected hip joint.

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Hip Abductor Moment Arm

The distance between the hip abductor muscle's line of action and the hip joint center.

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Coxa Vara & Hip Abduction

A decreased femoral neck angle (coxa vara) reduces the hip abductor moment arm, requiring greater muscle force for hip abduction.

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Medial Shift in Knee Axes

During dynamic activities, the mechanical axis of the lower limb shifts medially at the knee, increasing compressive forces on the medial knee joint.

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MCL Role in Knee Stability

The MCL resists the medial shift of the knee's mechanical axis, generating a laterally directed force to counterbalance the inward forces.

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Quadratus Lumborum Activation

Weakness in hip abductors can lead to increased activation of the quadratus lumborum on the opposite side, potentially causing shortening of the muscle.

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Study Notes

Kinesiology Lab: December 3, 2024

  • Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to describe the classification, kinematics, and unique characteristics of the hip, knee, ankle, and foot; predict effects of different joint restrictions on lower extremity (LE) function for balance and gait; and begin to extend knowledge of kinesiology to exercise prescription.

1. Summary of LE Kinematics

  • Review classifications and ranges of motion (ROMs) from anatomy.
  • Understand the functional ROM needed, loose- and close-packed positions, capsular patterns, and end-feels for each joint.

A. Coxofemoral (hip) joint

  • Type: diarthrosis, spheroidal, ball-and-socket
  • Degrees of freedom (DOF): 3 (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, lateral-medial rotation)
  • Physiological (active) ROM:
    • Flexion: 110-120°
    • Extension: 10-15°
    • Abduction: 30-50°
    • Adduction: 30°
    • Lateral Rotation: 40-60°
    • Medial Rotation: 30-40°
  • Functional ROM varies with activity; example values are provided in a table.

B. Tibiofemoral (knee) joint

  • Type: diarthrosis, hinge
  • DOF: 1 (flexion-extension). Rotation is coupled with flexion and extension.
  • Physiological ROM:
    • Flexion: 135°
    • Extension: 15° (hyperextension)
    • Internal Rotation: 20-30°
    • External Rotation: 30-40°
  • Functional ROM varies with activity; example values are provided in a table.

C. Patellofemoral joint

  • Type: diarthrosis, planar
  • DOF: 0 (functionally allows superior-inferior and medial-lateral glide)
  • End-feel: firm in all directions

D. Talocrural (ankle) joint

  • Type: diarthrosis, hinge
  • DOF: 1 (dorsiflexion-plantarflexion). Rotation is coupled with flexion and extension.
  • Physiological ROM:
    • Dorsiflexion (DF): 10-15°/20°
    • Plantarflexion (PF): 50-70°
  • Functional ROM varies with activity; example values are provided in a table.

E. Subtalar joint

  • Type: diarthrosis, plane
  • DOF: 0 (functionally allows abduction-adduction and eversion-inversion)
  • Physiological ROM: none
  • Accessory motions: inversion (20-30°), eversion (5-10°)

1. Functional ROM for Gait

  • Inversion: ~4-6 degrees
  • Eversion: ~4-6 degrees
  • This combined motion allows for pronation and supination during walking.

2. Pelvifemoral rhythm of the gait cycle

  • Gait cycle consists of stance and swing phases with sub-phases: absorption, transition, and propulsion.
  • Specific linked kinematics exist for each joint.

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1B Lab Activities: Integrated Function of the LE - PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of various human joints including the patellofemoral, talocrural, and coxofemoral joints. This quiz covers topics such as joint positions, motion ranges, and capsular patterns. Perfect for students in health and physical education fields.

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