Introduction to Human Anatomy

The spine, a column-like structure, is composed of numerous vertebrae, cushioned by intervertebral discs, and held together by ligaments.

The vertebrae have processes that allow bending and distribute forces on the spine.

These discs cushion the vertebrae, absorbing shocks.

Ligaments hold vertebrae together to prevent friction.

The spine serves as a shock absorber.

The spine prevents friction between vertebrae.

Joints are where bones connect, enabling movement.

Hinge, ball-and-socket, and saddle joints are examples.