Anatomy of Flowering Plants
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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with xylem fibers?

  • Obliterated central lumen
  • Capable of storage (correct)
  • Thick, lignified walls
  • Elongated, tapering ends

What function does the phloem primarily serve?

  • Mechanical strength
  • Storage of nutrients
  • Translocation of food (correct)
  • Conduction of water

Which statement about sieve tubes is correct?

  • They contain multiple nuclei in their mature state.
  • They are living cells controlled by companion cells. (correct)
  • They are dead cells with no nucleus.
  • They have thick, lignified walls.

In which type of phloem are fibers found?

<p>Secondary phloem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates protoxylem from metaxylem?

<p>Protoxylem is the first formed xylem. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endodermis in the ground tissue system?

<p>Regulate movement of water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vascular bundle arrangement is found in stems?

<p>Conjoint vascular bundle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cambium's presence is indicative of which type of vascular bundle?

<p>Open vascular bundle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of xylem development involves protoxylem being located towards the inside?

<p>Endarch development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sclerenchyma within the ground tissue system?

<p>Provide mechanical support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are medullary rays beneficial for plants?

<p>Transport nutrients and provide storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of vascular tissues, what elements make up a vascular bundle?

<p>Xylem and phloem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ground tissue is primarily responsible for food storage and nutrient transport?

<p>Parenchyma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of permanent tissue is characterized by having thick lignified walls and being dead at maturity?

<p>Sclerenchyma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of parenchyma tissue?

<p>Storage of food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of apical meristem in flowering plants?

<p>Responsible for growth in length (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of cells is NOT a type of simple permanent tissue?

<p>Phloem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is collenchyma typically found in plants?

<p>Below the epidermis in young stems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue does not divide further after differentiation?

<p>Permanent tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What modification of parenchyma includes chloroplasts and aids in photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorenchyma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of intercalary meristem?

<p>Bamboo internodes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes meristematic tissue?

<p>Cells are actively dividing and undifferentiated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between primary and secondary permanent tissues?

<p>Secondary tissues are formed by 2° meristem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of meristem is involved in secondary growth?

<p>Lateral meristem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is shared by both parenchyma and collenchyma?

<p>Both have living cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of promeristem in flowering plants?

<p>To serve as dividing cells with no specific function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a feature of sclerenchyma cells?

<p>They have thick cellulose and lignin walls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about permanent tissues?

<p>They have specific functions and do not divide further (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does lateral meristem differ from apical meristem?

<p>Lateral meristem is responsible for thickness; apical meristem for length (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cortex in dicot stems?

<p>Storage of food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the epidermis in the stem structure?

<p>It is single layered and lacks chloroplasts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do multicellular hairs (trichomes) play in the stem?

<p>They help in water loss prevention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the cortex is associated with mechanical support in the stem?

<p>Hypodermis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are vascular bundles organized in dicot stems?

<p>In a ring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the endodermal cells in the stem primarily prevent?

<p>Leakage of water from the stele (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true about the pith in the stem?

<p>Composed of thick walled cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In relation to vascular bundles, what does the term 'conjoint' refer to?

<p>Vascular bundles having both xylem and phloem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the monocotyledonous root is responsible for the transport of nutrients?

<p>Phloem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the palisade parenchyma in a dorsiventral leaf?

<p>It consists of elongated cells arranged vertically. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vascular component is a part of the dicotyledonous root structure?

<p>Both protoxylem and metaxylem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the epidermal cells in a dorsiventral leaf is correct?

<p>They do not contain chloroplasts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the endodermis in the monocotyledonous root?

<p>Regulating water movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a dicotyledonous leaf, where is the phloem located?

<p>Towards the lower epidermis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the cuticle of a dorsiventral leaf?

<p>Thicker on the upper surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is true for the spongy parenchyma in a dorsiventral leaf?

<p>It is responsible for gas exchange. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Xylem fibers

Elongated cells with thick, lignified walls that provide mechanical support and strength to the plant. The central lumen is obliterated, and they are pitted, meaning they have small holes for water transport.

Xylem parenchyma

Living cells that store food and help in the radial (sideways) conduction of water. They contain thin, cellulosic walls and are found in the xylem.

Sieve tubes

Living cells that are responsible for transporting sugars and other nutrients throughout the plant. They have numerous pores called sieve plates and lack a nucleus. Their functions are controlled by companion cells.

Companion cells

Specialized cells that support the sieve tubes in the phloem and help them function. They are living cells that provide energy and control sieve tube function. They are connected to the sieve tubes via pit fields.

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Phloem fibers

Dead sclerenchyma cells, present only in secondary phloem, that provide mechanical support and are used commercially for fibers like jute, flax, and hemp.

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Permanent Tissue

A type of plant tissue where cells have stopped dividing and have specialized functions, forming the main structural elements of the plant.

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Primary Permanent Tissue

Permanent tissue formed from primary meristem, which is responsible for initial growth in plants. Examples include primary xylem, primary phloem, and medullary rays.

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Secondary Permanent Tissue

Permanent tissue formed from secondary meristem, which is responsible for growth in width (thickening) in plants. Examples include secondary xylem, secondary phloem, cork cells.

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Simple Permanent Tissues

Type of permanent tissue made up of similar cells performing a common function. Examples include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

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Parenchyma

A type of simple permanent tissue with thin cell walls primarily made of cellulose and pectin. The cells are living and have large central vacuoles. Found throughout the plant body in areas like the cortex, pericycle, mesophyll, and pith.

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Collenchyma

A type of simple permanent tissue with thickened cell walls primarily made of pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, providing mechanical support and flexibility. Found mainly in the stems and leaves of young plants.

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Sclerenchyma

A type of simple permanent tissue with thick, lignified cell walls, providing mechanical strength and rigidity. The cells are typically dead at maturity. Found in areas needing support, like the vascular bundles and stems.

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Epidermis (Stem)

The outermost layer of a stem, protecting it from the environment.

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Hypodermis (Stem)

A layer of cells beneath the epidermis, providing structural support to the stem.

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General Cortex (Stem)

The main tissue inside the epidermis, storing food reserves for the plant.

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Endodermis (Stem)

A single layer of cells that controls water movement within the stem.

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Pericycle (Stem)

A layer of cells surrounding the vascular bundles, providing additional support and protection.

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Vascular Bundles (Stem)

Groups of specialized tissues responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the stem.

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Pith (or) Medullary Rays (Stem)

A central region of parenchyma cells, responsible for storing food and water.

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Ring Arrangement of Vascular Bundles (Stem)

A characteristic feature of dicot stems, these vascular bundles are arranged in a circle forming a ring.

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Ground Tissue System

The largest tissue system in plants, comprising all tissues except the epidermis and vascular bundles.

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Hypodermis

The layer of ground tissue directly below the epidermis, often multilayered and providing protection, storage of food, and gas exchange.

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Endodermis

The innermost layer of the cortex in plants, regulating the movement of water and other substances into the vascular tissue.

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Radial vascular bundle (Root)

The vascular bundles in roots are arranged in a radial pattern, with xylem and phloem alternating around a central core.

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Conjoint vascular bundle (Stem)

The vascular bundles in stems are arranged in a more complex pattern, with xylem and phloem side by side.

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Secondary growth

The process of secondary growth in dicots, characterized by the formation of new vascular tissues from a lateral meristem called the cambium.

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Vascular cambium

A lateral meristem that produces new xylem and phloem cells, allowing for secondary growth in dicot stems.

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Open vascular bundle

A type of vascular bundle where the cambium is present, allowing for continued secondary growth.

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Tissue

A group of cells with a common origin and function, working together to perform a specific task.

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Meristematic Tissue

Actively dividing cells responsible for plant growth. They have thin walls, a prominent nucleus, and lack large vacuoles.

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Apical Meristem

Meristem located at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for increasing plant length.

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Intercalary Meristem

Meristem found between mature tissues, like at nodes or internodes, that also contributes to plant length.

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Lateral Meristem

Meristem present on the lateral sides, increasing the thickness of the plant.

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Primary Meristem

Meristem present from the beginning of a plant's life. It is involved in primary growth (lengthening).

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Secondary Meristem

Meristem that develops later in a plant's life. It is involved in secondary growth (thickening).

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Epiblema

The outermost layer of the root, responsible for absorbing water and minerals.

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Cortex

The layer beneath the epiblema, containing parenchyma cells for storage and transport.

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Pericycle

A layer of cells surrounding the vascular bundle, responsible for lateral root formation.

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Xylem

A type of vascular tissue responsible for transporting water and minerals upwards from the roots.

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Protoxylem

The first formed xylem cells, smaller in diameter.

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Metaxylem

The later formed xylem cells, larger in diameter and more efficient in water transport.

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Phloem

The vascular tissue responsible for transporting sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant.

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Study Notes

Anatomy of Flowering Plants

  • Study of internal structure, focusing on angiosperms (dicots and monocots).

Tissues

  • Tissues are groups of cells with a common origin and function.

Meristematic Tissue

  • Actively dividing cells
  • Lack of stored food
  • Thin cell walls
  • Intercellular spaces are absent

Permanent Tissue

  • Cells stop dividing and differentiate to perform specific functions.
  • Cells have a defined shape and size
  • Intercellular spaces may or may not be present
  • Contains vacuoles: which can be large or small
  • Stored food may or not be present
  • Thickened walls

Parenchyma

  • Living tissue
  • Found throughout the plant (in ground tissues).
  • Thin-walled cells
  • Usually isodiametric (similar in length and width)
  • Usually have large central vacuoles
  • Functions include storage, food production/photosynthesis
  • Found in the pith, cortex, and mesophyll
  • Modifications - Chlorenchyma (contains chloroplasts), Aerenchyma (contains airspaces)

Collenchyma

  • Living tissue.
  • Mechanical support, elasticity, flexibility
  • Elongated cells with unevenly thickened cell walls, mainly in corners. May contain chloroplasts.
  • Generally found below epidermis and around veins and petioles, primarily in young stems and petioles.
  • Intercellular spaces are usually absent.

Sclerenchyma

  • Dead tissue with very thick, lignified secondary cell walls.
  • Provides mechanical strength and support.
  • Two types: Sclereids (short, branched cells) and Fibers (long, slender cells).
  • Found in hard seed coats, shells, and sclerenchyma strengthening tissues.
  • Intercellular spaces are absent.

Complex Permanent Tissues

  • Composed of multiple cell types with specialized functions
  • Xylem and Phloem

Xylem

  • Dead conducting tissue.
  • Conduction of water and minerals from roots to shoots.
  • Two main types of cells:
  • Tracheids: long, narrow cells with tapering ends.
  • Vessels: wider, shorter, and more efficient water-conducting cells with perforated end walls.
  • Xylem fibers and parenchyma provide structural support.

Phloem

  • Living conducting tissue.
  • Translocation of sugars (food) from leaves to other parts of the plant.
  • Two main components:
  • Sieve tubes: long, tube-like cells with sieve plates at their ends.
  • Companion cells: closely associated with sieve tube cells, aiding in metabolism and function.
  • Phloem fibers provide support to phloem.

Meristems Based on Location

  • Apical Meristem: located at the tips of stems and roots, involved in primary growth (lengthening).
  • Intercalary Meristem: located at nodes in stems and leaves, involved in growth between mature tissues. Lateral Meristem: located on the sides of stems and roots, involved in secondary growth.

Permanent tissues based on Origin

  • Promeristem: embryonic meristem that develops into other meristems.

Epidermis

  • Protective outer layer of stems, roots, leaves, and flowers.
  • Usually a single layer of cells. Often covered with a cuticle to reduce water loss.
  • Additional structures such as trichomes (hairs) and stomata are common.

Stomata

  • Involved in gas exchange and transpiration.
  • Pores in the epidermis of leaves and some stems.
  • Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata.
  • Stomatal apparatus is specialized structure related to regulation of gas exchange.

Ground Tissue

  • All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles.
  • Functions: storage, support, and photosynthesis.
  • Composed of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma tissues.

Vascular Tissue System

  • Composed of xylem and phloem; responsible for transport throughout the plant.

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Anatomy of Flowering Plants PDF

Description

This quiz explores the internal structures of flowering plants, with a specific focus on angiosperms, including dicots and monocots. Participants will learn about various plant tissues, such as meristematic and permanent tissues, and their functions. Delve into the specifics of parenchyma tissue, including its structure and modifications.

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