Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Elongated cells with thick, lignified walls that provide mechanical support and strength to the plant. The central lumen is obliterated, and they are pitted, meaning they have small holes for water transport.

Living cells that store food and help in the radial (sideways) conduction of water. They contain thin, cellulosic walls and are found in the xylem.

Living cells that are responsible for transporting sugars and other nutrients throughout the plant. They have numerous pores called sieve plates and lack a nucleus. Their functions are controlled by companion cells.

Specialized cells that support the sieve tubes in the phloem and help them function. They are living cells that provide energy and control sieve tube function. They are connected to the sieve tubes via pit fields.

Dead sclerenchyma cells, present only in secondary phloem, that provide mechanical support and are used commercially for fibers like jute, flax, and hemp.

A type of plant tissue where cells have stopped dividing and have specialized functions, forming the main structural elements of the plant.

Permanent tissue formed from primary meristem, which is responsible for initial growth in plants. Examples include primary xylem, primary phloem, and medullary rays.

Permanent tissue formed from secondary meristem, which is responsible for growth in width (thickening) in plants. Examples include secondary xylem, secondary phloem, cork cells.

Type of permanent tissue made up of similar cells performing a common function. Examples include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

A type of simple permanent tissue with thin cell walls primarily made of cellulose and pectin. The cells are living and have large central vacuoles. Found throughout the plant body in areas like the cortex, pericycle, mesophyll, and pith.

A type of simple permanent tissue with thickened cell walls primarily made of pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, providing mechanical support and flexibility. Found mainly in the stems and leaves of young plants.

A type of simple permanent tissue with thick, lignified cell walls, providing mechanical strength and rigidity. The cells are typically dead at maturity. Found in areas needing support, like the vascular bundles and stems.

The outermost layer of a stem, protecting it from the environment.

A layer of cells beneath the epidermis, providing structural support to the stem.

The main tissue inside the epidermis, storing food reserves for the plant.

A single layer of cells that controls water movement within the stem.

A layer of cells surrounding the vascular bundles, providing additional support and protection.

Groups of specialized tissues responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the stem.

A central region of parenchyma cells, responsible for storing food and water.

A characteristic feature of dicot stems, these vascular bundles are arranged in a circle forming a ring.

The largest tissue system in plants, comprising all tissues except the epidermis and vascular bundles.

The layer of ground tissue directly below the epidermis, often multilayered and providing protection, storage of food, and gas exchange.

The innermost layer of the cortex in plants, regulating the movement of water and other substances into the vascular tissue.

The vascular bundles in roots are arranged in a radial pattern, with xylem and phloem alternating around a central core.

The vascular bundles in stems are arranged in a more complex pattern, with xylem and phloem side by side.

The process of secondary growth in dicots, characterized by the formation of new vascular tissues from a lateral meristem called the cambium.

A lateral meristem that produces new xylem and phloem cells, allowing for secondary growth in dicot stems.

A type of vascular bundle where the cambium is present, allowing for continued secondary growth.

A group of cells with a common origin and function, working together to perform a specific task.

Actively dividing cells responsible for plant growth. They have thin walls, a prominent nucleus, and lack large vacuoles.

Meristem located at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for increasing plant length.

Meristem found between mature tissues, like at nodes or internodes, that also contributes to plant length.

Meristem present on the lateral sides, increasing the thickness of the plant.

Meristem present from the beginning of a plant's life. It is involved in primary growth (lengthening).

Meristem that develops later in a plant's life. It is involved in secondary growth (thickening).

The outermost layer of the root, responsible for absorbing water and minerals.

The layer beneath the epiblema, containing parenchyma cells for storage and transport.

A layer of cells surrounding the vascular bundle, responsible for lateral root formation.

A type of vascular tissue responsible for transporting water and minerals upwards from the roots.

The first formed xylem cells, smaller in diameter.

The later formed xylem cells, larger in diameter and more efficient in water transport.

The vascular tissue responsible for transporting sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant.