chapter 11. quiz 1. Anatomy of Cerebral Circulation

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Questions and Answers

how blood drains into the right and left internal jugular veins?

by 3 sets of veins
by 2 sets of veins
by collateral veins (correct)
by deep veins

In how many patients is the flow in the right internal jugular vein greater than in the left?

Approximately 50%
Approximately 65% (correct)
Approximately 30%
Approximately 40%

What may have implications for the insertion of jugular venous catheters for measuring jugular venous oxygen saturation?

Veins within the pia mater
Considerable asymmetry in blood flow between internal jugular veins (correct)
Asymmetry in arterial blood flow
Variability in the anatomy of the circle of Willis

Where are the superficial cortical veins located?

On the brain's surface within the pia mater (D) Signup and view all the answers

What shows substantial variability in its anatomy and a significant proportion may be incomplete?

Circle of Willis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which vein is advocated as the dominant one for accurate measurement of jugular venous oxygen saturation through catheter insertion?

Right internal jugular vein (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries make up the anterior circulation in the brain?

Internal carotid arteries (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is formed by connecting the two vertebral arteries?

Basilar artery (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the circle of Willis in the brain?

To allow collateral circulation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels connect to form a vascular loop at the base of the brain?

internal carotid arteries and basilar artery (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens under normal circumstances regarding blood admixing in the anterior and posterior circulations?

Equal pressures prevent blood admixing (A) Signup and view all the answers

In pathologic circumstances with occlusion, what role can the circle of Willis play?

To provide collateral circulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries make up the posterior circulation in the brain?

Vertebral arteries (A) Signup and view all the answers

which artery complete the loop of the circle of Willis

posterior and the anterior communicating artery (A) Signup and view all the answers

how many arteries that originate from the circle of Willis perfuse the brain

3 paired arteries (C) Signup and view all the answers

which circulations contribute more to the circle of Willis.

anterior and the posterior circulations contribute equally (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) primarily produced in the brain?

By choroid plexus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main route for CSF reabsorption?

arachnoid granulations (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the daily production of CSF?

Circadian rhythm, with peak production during sleep (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate total daily production of CSF?

$450$ mL (A) Signup and view all the answers

In what manner does a smaller proportion of CSF gain access to the cerebral venous system?

By transependymal flow (C) Signup and view all the answers

What concept has been advanced recently as a means of waste product removal from the brain?

Glymphatic pathway (A) Signup and view all the answers

What effect do volatile anesthetic agents have on glymphatic transport?

Reduce it (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region has approximately 4 times greater local cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate compared to white matter?

Gray matter (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the brain's energy consumption is dedicated to supporting electrophysiologic function?

Approximately 60% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role do glial cells play in brain function?

Maintaining the blood-brain barrier (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which area within the brain has the highest oxygen consumption rate at rest?

Gray matter (D) Signup and view all the answers

What physiological mechanism ensures that blood flow in the brain is not excessive?

Elaborate regulatory mechanisms (A) Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is responsible for about 20% of total body oxygen utilization?

Whole-brain oxygen consumption (B) Signup and view all the answers

During which states is glymphatic transport and waste clearance increased?

Sleep and general anesthesia (A) Signup and view all the answers

'Approximately 60% of the brain’s energy consumption supports electrophysiologic function.' What makes up the remaining energy consumption?

Cellular homeostatic activities (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the glymphatic system's primary function within the brain?

Waste disposal system (A) Signup and view all the answers

peak production of CSF occurs during?

sleep (B) Signup and view all the answers

glymphatic pathway is a system which remove waste products from the brain. CSF enters the periarterial space and then the brain parenchyma. how this process is facilitated?

by Aquaporin channels on the end-feet of astrocytes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

CSF production is the result of

hydrostatic efflux from capillaries into the perivascular space, and then active transport into the ventricles. (B) Signup and view all the answers

which anesthetic drug has the least effect on glymphatic transport

dexmedetomidine (B) Signup and view all the answers

Anesthetic drugs cause

dose-related and reversible alterations in cerebral physiology (A) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total body oxygen utilization is represented by whole-brain oxygen consumption?

20% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the average oxygen consumption rate per 100g of brain tissue at rest?

3.5 mL (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the range for global cerebral blood flow (CBF) in mL/100g/min?

45-55 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the range for the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) in mL/100g/min?

3.0-3.5 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the range for cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) in mm Hg/100 g/min/mL?

1.5-2 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total body oxygen utilization is represented by whole-brain oxygen consumption?

20% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the range for global cerebral blood flow (CBF) in mL/100g/min?

45-55 mL/100 g/min. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate range for the blood flow rate in the subcortical (mostly white matter) ?

8-20 mL/100 g/min (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the range for cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) in mm Hg/100 g/min/mL?

1.5-2.0 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate range for the cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) in mL/100g/min?

75-80 mL/100 g/min (B) Signup and view all the answers

adult brain weighs approx ?

Approximately 1350 g, Approximately 2% of total body weight (A) Signup and view all the answers

how much adult brain receive from the total cardiac output?

12% to 15% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Internal jugular veins drainage

Blood drains into them via collateral veins.

Internal Jugular Vein Flow: Right vs. Left

Right internal jugular vein flow is greater in approximately 65% of patients.