chapter 11. quiz 1. Anatomy of Cerebral Circulation
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Questions and Answers

how blood drains into the right and left internal jugular veins?

  • by 3 sets of veins
  • by 2 sets of veins
  • by collateral veins (correct)
  • by deep veins

    • In how many patients is the flow in the right internal jugular vein greater than in the left?

  • Approximately 50%
  • Approximately 65% (correct)
  • Approximately 30%
  • Approximately 40%

    • What may have implications for the insertion of jugular venous catheters for measuring jugular venous oxygen saturation?

  • Veins within the pia mater
  • Considerable asymmetry in blood flow between internal jugular veins (correct)
  • Asymmetry in arterial blood flow
  • Variability in the anatomy of the circle of Willis

    • Where are the superficial cortical veins located?

    <p>On the brain's surface within the pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shows substantial variability in its anatomy and a significant proportion may be incomplete?

    <p>Circle of Willis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein is advocated as the dominant one for accurate measurement of jugular venous oxygen saturation through catheter insertion?

    <p>Right internal jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries make up the anterior circulation in the brain?

    <p>Internal carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by connecting the two vertebral arteries?

    <p>Basilar artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the circle of Willis in the brain?

    <p>To allow collateral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessels connect to form a vascular loop at the base of the brain?

    <p>internal carotid arteries and basilar artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens under normal circumstances regarding blood admixing in the anterior and posterior circulations?

    <p>Equal pressures prevent blood admixing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pathologic circumstances with occlusion, what role can the circle of Willis play?

    <p>To provide collateral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries make up the posterior circulation in the brain?

    <p>Vertebral arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which artery complete the loop of the circle of Willis

    <p>posterior and the anterior communicating artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    how many arteries that originate from the circle of Willis perfuse the brain

    <p>3 paired arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which circulations contribute more to the circle of Willis.

    <p>anterior and the posterior circulations contribute equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) primarily produced in the brain?

    <p>By choroid plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main route for CSF reabsorption?

    <p>arachnoid granulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the daily production of CSF?

    <p>Circadian rhythm, with peak production during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate total daily production of CSF?

    <p>$450$ mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what manner does a smaller proportion of CSF gain access to the cerebral venous system?

    <p>By transependymal flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept has been advanced recently as a means of waste product removal from the brain?

    <p>Glymphatic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do volatile anesthetic agents have on glymphatic transport?

    <p>Reduce it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region has approximately 4 times greater local cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate compared to white matter?

    <p>Gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the brain's energy consumption is dedicated to supporting electrophysiologic function?

    <p>Approximately 60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do glial cells play in brain function?

    <p>Maintaining the blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area within the brain has the highest oxygen consumption rate at rest?

    <p>Gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological mechanism ensures that blood flow in the brain is not excessive?

    <p>Elaborate regulatory mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is responsible for about 20% of total body oxygen utilization?

    <p><strong>Whole-brain oxygen consumption</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which states is glymphatic transport and waste clearance increased?

    <p><strong>Sleep and general anesthesia</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Approximately 60% of the brain’s energy consumption supports electrophysiologic function.' What makes up the remaining energy consumption?

    <p><strong>Cellular homeostatic activities</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the glymphatic system's primary function within the brain?

    <p>Waste disposal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    peak production of CSF occurs during?

    <p>sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    glymphatic pathway is a system which remove waste products from the brain. CSF enters the periarterial space and then the brain parenchyma. how this process is facilitated?

    <p>by Aquaporin channels on the end-feet of astrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CSF production is the result of

    <p>hydrostatic efflux from capillaries into the perivascular space, and then active transport into the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which anesthetic drug has the least effect on glymphatic transport

    <p>dexmedetomidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anesthetic drugs cause

    <p>dose-related and reversible alterations in cerebral physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total body oxygen utilization is represented by whole-brain oxygen consumption?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average oxygen consumption rate per 100g of brain tissue at rest?

    <p>3.5 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range for global cerebral blood flow (CBF) in mL/100g/min?

    <p>45-55</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range for the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) in mL/100g/min?

    <p>3.0-3.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range for cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) in mm Hg/100 g/min/mL?

    <p>1.5-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total body oxygen utilization is represented by whole-brain oxygen consumption?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range for global cerebral blood flow (CBF) in mL/100g/min?

    <p>45-55 mL/100 g/min.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate range for the blood flow rate in the subcortical (mostly white matter) ?

    <p>8-20 mL/100 g/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range for cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) in mm Hg/100 g/min/mL?

    <p>1.5-2.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate range for the cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) in mL/100g/min?

    <p>75-80 mL/100 g/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    adult brain weighs approx ?

    <p>Approximately 1350 g, Approximately 2% of total body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    how much adult brain receive from the total cardiac output?

    <p>12% to 15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

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